Adaptations are special features that allow a

plant or animal to live in a particular place or

habitat.
How these plants adapted in such conditions of habitat???
Plants from different habitats show a
variety of adaptation to carry out
photosynthesis optimally.

In order to photosynthesise
efficiently, plants distribute their
stomata and chloroplasts within the
plants vary with the environmental
conditions.
Example: Land plants that live in a tropical
area, for example hibiscus.

Distribution of stomata;
large numbers
of stomata on the lower epidermis
of the leaf,
Why??

For maximum
carbon dioxide absorption.

Upper epidermis does not have many stomata,

Since direct exposure to sunlight would lead to
Excessive evaporation and water loss.
Distribution of chloroplast;

most chloroplast are found

In the palisade mesophyll cells
and
the spongy mesophyll cells.

This facilitates maximum absorption

of sunlight for
Photosynthesis.
 Plants that float on the surface of water

Floating plants are two types:

1. Those that are rooted with

floating leaves
( water lilies).

2. Those that are not

rooted in the sediment,
but just float on the
surface ( duckweeds).
 Distribution of stomata

Stomata

Distributed mostly on the upper epidermis of the leaves.

Upper epidermis is often covered by a thick,

waxy cuticle to repel water and Keep the stomata open.

Air- filled internal cavities are also present.

Distribution of
chloroplasts

Found mainly in the upper

epidermis,
to maximise the absorption of
sunlight.

Weak stems support a massive

floating canopy of leaves which
allow the maximum absorption
of sunlight for photosynthesis.
Desert plant ; Such as Cactus.

The leaves contain

very few stomata and
this helps to prevent
excessive loss of water
through transpiration.

Stomata are normally

located in the grooves
along the stem.
Distribution of chloroplasts

In a Cactus plant, the

stem performs virtually
all of the photosynthesis
since cacti have
reduced leaves and
most of the leaves are
modified to become
thorns.
 Distribution of chloroplasts
Therefore,
chloroplasts are
found all over the
plant, that is in the
thorns and stem
that are green in
colour.
Cactus such as Dessert trumpet ( Eriognum
inflatum).

Open their stomata at

night when it is cooler,
rather than during the
day when it is hotter.
They absorb and store
carbon dioxide during the
night.
The carbon dioxide is
used during the day
when the stomata are
forced to close to reduce
the loss of water through
transpiration.
Some shrubs in the dessert, such as Hakea sp.

They have
embedded or
sunken stomata
in the leaves to
reduce water
loss through
transpiration.
Aquatic plants that are submerged,
example, Hydrilla sp.
 Distribution of stomata
Aquatic plants does not have a water-proof cuticle
On its epidermal layer.

why

They do not have

the risk of
excessive water
loss.

The cells on the surface are able to

absorb water, nutrients and
dissolved gases directly from the
surroundings.
Distribution of stomata

Hence, stomata are not

found on the leaves.

Air-filled cavities often

extend throughout the
leaves and stems of aquatic
plants, providing an internal
atmosphere where gaseous
exchange can take place.
 Distribution of chloroplast

Aquatic plants have thin textured,

feathery and highly divided leaves.

This creates a very large surface area

for absorption and photosynthesis.

The leaves and stems are green in

colour.
 Distribution of chloroplast

Chloroplast are found all over the

surface of the plant to maximise
the absorption of sunlight.

This is an important adaptation

because of the low intensity of
sunlight in water.
 i made this slide from google
source; from google..
thanx