3.

5 Non-Newtonian fluids
Newtonian fluids are fluids

Shear Stress
which follow Newtons law:

Shear Rate
CHE315 3.5 Non-Newtonian fluids
 Non-Newtonian fluids do not

Shear Stress
follow Newtonian law.

Therefore, For non-Newtonian fluids,

the plot of the shear stress vs. shear

rate is not linear through the origin. Shear Rate

CHE315 3.5 Non-Newtonian fluids

 dv x
rx 0
dr

Linear BUT does not go through the origin.

A finite shear stress (yield stress)

is needed to initiate flow.

Examples :tooth paste, soap and chocolate mixtures.

CHE315 3.5 Non-Newtonian fluids

 n
dv
K n 1
dr
K: consistency index And n:
flow behavior index

CHE315 3.5 Non-Newtonian fluids

 3. Dilatant fluids. n
dv
K n 1
dr

Less common than pseudoplastic fluids.

Examples are starch in water.

Their apparent viscosities increase with

increasing shear rate.

CHE315 3.5 Non-Newtonian fluids

 Group Study

CHE315 3.5 Non-Newtonian fluids

Hint Questions:
Task: 1. Which mathematical model can represent each
Study with your group the type of fluids
following: 2. What is the relation between shear rate and
Bingham Fluids viscosity for each type? Compare with
Pseudoplastic Fluids Newtonian fluids.
Dilatant Fluids 3. Can you write one general model for all types
of fluids ? Try!!
4. What is the value of n for each type of fluids?
 Viscosity of Non-Newtonian

Q.: What is shear thinning and
K n shear thickening?
K n 1

CHE315
the generalized Reynolds number is defined as:

D nV 2n D nV 2n DnV 2n
N Re, gen
= K 8 n1
3n 1
n 1
K8
n

4 n

Quiz: What if n = 1?

CHE315
 LAMINAR FLOW OF POWER LAW FLUID
Hagen Poiseuille Eq.:
Power LawLaw:
Newtons Model:

zz
n
L
p 2 rz
dv Combined

rz rz K
dr r
dv z dv 1 1p
1n
p 1 n
z
rr
dr dr 2 KL
2 L
CHE315
 1 p
1n
n n 1 n 1

vz R n
r
n

2 KL n 1
n p0 p L
1/ n

vx av R0n 1 / n
3n 1 2 KL

CHE315
 n p0 p L
1/ n

v x max R0n 1/ n
n 1 2 KL

r n 1/ n
vx vx max 1
R

Quiz: What if n = 1?

CHE315
 3. Friction factor method
An alternative way of calculating the pressure drop due to friction is
to use the Fanning factor method, as in section 2.10 for Newtonian
fluids, but using the generalized Reynolds number:
16
f
N Re, gen

L v 2
p f 4 f
D 2

CHE315
 V2
Average kinetic energy/kg
2a

For Newtonian fluids: a= for laminar flow.

(2n 1)(5n 3)
For power-law non-Newtonian fluids: a
3(3n 1) 2

CHE315
 Losses in contractions and fittings

A2 v2 2 v2
2
J
hc 0.551 Kc
A1 2a 2a kg
Losses in sudden expansion

3n 1 2 n 3 D1 D1 33n 1
4 2

hex V1
2n 1 25n 3 D2 D2 25n 3

CHE315
 Turbulent flow and generalized friction factors
In turbulent flow of time independent fluids the Reynolds number at which turbulent
flow occurs varies with the flow properties of the non-Newtonian fluid.
L v 2
p f 4 f
D 2

In figure 3.5-3, for different values of n, the fanning friction factor f is plotted versus the
generalized Reynolds number for non-Newtonian fluids flowing through a smooth, round tubes.

Describe the figure 3.5-3 and see example 3.5-2

CHE315
CHE315
Example:
A chemical solution (density =960 kg/m3) is being pumped at the rate of
5e-3 m3/s. pump efficiency is 65%. The pipes are schedule 40. The
solution is a power law fluid with power law index being 0.8 and
consistency index being 0.5 pa.sn. Calculate the power needed for the
pump. (Hint: See example 2.11.7)

CHE315
 Flow in Packed Beds N Dp v DpG v = v
Re, p
1 1
Pressure Drop in Packed Bed
150vL 1
2
Laminar Flow: p Blake-Kozeny
D p2 3 Eq.

Turbulent Flow: p 3 f v 2
L 1 Burke-Plummer
Dp 3 Eq.

CHE315
 General Equation

150vL 1 1.75 v L 1
2 2
p Ergun Eq.
2
Dp 3
Dp 3

CHE315