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12
10
8
6
4
2
Brand
Coke Diet Dr. Pepsi Sprite
Classic Coke Pepper
Ho to Using Excel
Step 1: Calculate the Frequency as above
Step 2: Click insert, then charts, then column
Step 3: click next
Step 4: Change chart title, x axis and y axis
Step 5: click next
Pie Chart
The pie chart commonly used graphical device
for presenting relative frequency distributions
for qualitative data.
Pie Chart
Pie Chart
Sprite
10%
Coke Classic
Coke Classic
Pepsi 38% Diet Coke
26% Dr. Pepper
Pepsi
Sprite
Dr. Pepper Diet Coke
10% 16%
How to Using Excel
Step 1: Calculate % frequency as above
Step 2: Highlight columns of interest
Step 3: Click insert, then charts, then pie
Step 4: click next
Step 4: Change chart title, legend labels
Step 5: click next
You Try it:
Exercise #4 get data (syndicated from module
folder)
Any Questions????
Summarizing QUANTITATIVE
Data
Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency Distribution
Percent Frequency Distribution
Dot Plot
Histogram
Cumulative Distributions
Ogive
Frequency Distribution
With quantitative data must be careful in defining non-overlapping classes
Class Midpoints
Example Using Audit Data
Preliminary work:
1. Determine number of non-overlapping cases
since only 20 pieces of data decide to use 5 cases
8
7
6
Frequency
5
4
3
2
1
Examples:
Skewed left (longer tail to left)
Skewed right (longer tail to right)
How to using Excel
Step 1: Highlight class column
Step 2: Highlight frequency column
Step 3: click insert, charts, column, click
clustered column
Step 4: Click next then select rows.
Step 5: Click next
Step 6: change title, label axes
Cumulative Distributions
Rather than showing the frequency of each class, shows the number of items with
values less than or equal to the upper limit of each class.
6 8 9
7 2 3 356 6
8 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
9 1 2 2 2 4 5 5 6 7 8 8
10 0 0 2 4 6 6 68 7 8 8
11 2 3 5 5 8 9 9
12 4 6 7 8
13 2 4
14 1
a stem
A leaf
Advantage over Histogram
Similar to a histogram, but
5 2
5 7
6 2 2 2 2
6 5 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9
7 1 1 2 2 3 4 4
7 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 9 9
8 0 0 2 3
8 5 8 9
9 1 3
9 7 7 7 8 9
10 1 4
10 5 5 9
Example: Leaf Unit = 0.1
If we have data with values such as
8.6 11.7 9.4 9.1 10.2 11.0 8.8
Leaf Unit = 10
16 8
The 82 in 1682
17 1 9 is rounded down
18 0 3 to 80 and is
represented as an 8.
19 1 7
Crosstabulations
Looks at the relationship between two variables at
a time
Crosstabulation can be used when:
one variable is qualitative and the other is quantitative
both variables are qualitative, or
both variables are quantitative.
Crosstabulation
Total 30 20 35 15 100
Example conclusions
The greatest number of homes (19) in the
sample are a split-level style and priced at less
than or equal to $99,000.
Only three homes in the sample are an A-Frame
style and priced at more than $99,000 ..
Crosstabulation
Frequency distribution
for the price variable
Total 30 20 35 15 100
Frequency distribution
for the home style variable
How to.
Page 89-103 of text (Working with Excel)
Simpsons Paradox
In some cases the conclusions based upon an aggregated
crosstabulation can be completely reversed if we look at the
unaggregated data.
<25 >25
Eat Do Not Total Eat Do Not Total
Candy Eat Candy Eat
Reg Candy Reg Candy
Reg Reg
y y y
x x x
How to Using Stereo Data
See text p 104
You try it
# 25
# 36 get scatter data from excel file
Tabular and Graphical
Procedures
Data
Qualitative Data Quantitative Data