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2. Petroleum
L.A. smog plus invisible GHGs
2
Beverly
Hillbillies
theme
The demand for
petroleum on the world
market grew slowly, but 4
Liquids Gases
Crude ts i n ga propane
s methane
pl e
ro butane
oil liqu id d
g
r inpentane
e
ft ss
Condensate a
c e
ro
Natural Gas Liquids p
Natural
(NGLs) Gas
6
Natural gas
* Gaseous mixture of naturally occurring
*hydrocarbons
After processing: used for power generation,
residential,
fertilizers, manufacturing, transportation (still
very limited)
Combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons releases
7
carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere
In words:
Fuel + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat
10
11
12
gases
Fractional 13
distillation naptha
in a refinery
very schematic cartoon gasoline
kerosene
lubricants
fuel oil
residue
Natural
gas 14
Almost always a mixture of
gases; to be used as a fuel,
extensive processing is
required to produce pure
methane.
PetrochemicalsChemicals produced from petroleum
15
16
Plastics.
polystyrene epoxies
18
polycarbonate, etc.
PVC
19
solvents
20
Nylon
Apparel, carpets, musical strings, fishing line,
racket strings, rope, auto parts, machine
parts, sutures
More uses 22
dyes MTBE
phenols (antiseptics) packaging
Petrolia, Ontario
Titusville, PA
1859 First U.S. drilling rig
18601900 Oil boom trained drillers who later
dispersed around the planet: U.S., Middle East,
South America, etc.
Make lists of the top 5 countries:
26
Oil production
to date (since ~1860)
USA
FSU Current (2007) rate of
oil production
KSA
Iran KSA Remaining
Venezuela FSU oil reserves
USA KSA
Iran Iraq
China Iran
FSU = former Soviet
Union Kuwait
KSA = Kingdom of Saudi UAE/Venez
Arabia
UAE = United Arab Emirates
The unequal distribution of petroleum triggered
many military and other strategic decisions over
27
1991 Gulf War: After Iraq invaded oil-rich Kuwait, the U.S.
spearheaded the liberation of Kuwait and the defense of
oil-richer KSA.
KSA
E Iran
Iraq
Caspian
Sea 30
Mediterranean
Sea
Persian
Gulf
Red
Sea
en
of Ad
u lf
G
31
Iraq Iran
Kuwait
Kingdom of Qatar
UAE
Saudi Arabia
an
Om
e n
Ye m
The Middle East
contains 4560%
32
of the worlds
petroleum reserves.
Primary
Tertiary
Secondary
M. King Hubbert and Peak Oil
40
Peak Oil: The maximum sustainable production
rate of petroleum for an area (e.g., a field, a
country, or the world).
M. King Hubbert (U.S. geologist) predicted that
production rate for any well, field, or region will
resemble a bell curve.
The peak of such a
curve is known as
Hubberts Peak.
U.S. production
w/Alaska
peak in
1970 lower 48
Shift to natural
Fuel-efficient
76 cars
gas, Aug
Arab oil electricity for v
embarg 08
heat 72
o
1965
68
weve been on a
millions
bumpy plateau
since 2004. 4/0 4/0 4/0 4/0 4/0 4/0 4/0