FOOD

It is the basic requirement of life to survive.

It is made up of various kind of energy rich substances

like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and
minerals, which are known as nutrients.
FUNCTIONS OF FOOD
Food provide energy for various metabolic activities.
It helps in growth and development of body.
It helps in the replacement of worn out tissues, repair
of damaged cells and healing of wounds.
It provide protection against diseases.
SOURCES OF FOOD
Cereals
Pulses
Oil seed crops
Fruits and vegetables
 CEREALS
WHEAT RICE
MAIZE BAJRA

Jowar
 PULSES
Pigeon pea (arhar) Urad
Lentil (masoor) Pea
Black gram
 OIL SEED CROPS
Soyabean Groundnut
Sunflower Niger
Sesame Castor
Mustard Linseed
 ROOT CROPS
Turnip Carrot

Sweet Potato
 SUGAR CROPS
Sugarcane Beet
 FIBRE CROPS
Cotton Jute
 PLANTATION CROPS
Tea Coffee

Coconut Rubber
 FODDER CROPS
Berseem Elephant Grass
AGRICULTURE
It is the branch of science which deals with the
productions of plants and raising of animals useful to
man
Involves soil cultivation, breeding and management of
crops and livestock.
CROP
When plants of same kind are grown and cultivated at
one place on a large scales, it is called a crop.
Different types of crops require different climate
conditions.
TYPES OF CROP
KHARIF/RAINY SEASON RABI / WINTER ZAID CROP
CROP SEASON CROP

Grown during Grown during winter grown during mainly

monsoon/rainy season season summer season

Require warm and wet Require cold and dry Require warm dry
weather weather weather

sown in june/ july and Sown in Sown in march and

harvested in october/november and harvested in june
september/october harvested in march/april

Egrice, jowar, urad, Egwheat, barley, gram, Seasonal fruits and

bajra, cotton, pea, moong, mustard, potato vegetables
groundnut
AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENTS
NAME OF IMPLEMENT USES

KHURPA FOR WEEDING

SPADE FOR DIGGING AND BUNDS

FORMATION
WOODEN PLOUGH FOR TILLING

SOIL PLANK FOR BREAKING CRUMBS

SEED DRILL FOR SOWING

HARROW FOR WEEDING

SICKLE FOR HARVESTING

SPRAYER FOR SPRAYING INSECTICIDES

COMBINE FOR HARVESTING AND THRESHING

Khurpa Spade

Soil Plank Harrow

CROP PRODUCTION PRACTICES
PREPARATION OF SOIL
SOWING
ADDING MANURE AND FERTILIZERS
IRRIGATION
PROTECTION FROM WEEDS
HARVESTING
STORAGE
PREPARATION OF SOIL
Includes ploughing and levelling

PLOUGHING / TILLING
process of loosening and turning of soil
done by using a plough
ploughs are made of wood or iron
allows the roots to penetrate deeper easily
soil is overturned and properly aerated by ploughing
 PLOUGH
Wooden Plough Iron Plough
TRADITIONAL PLOUGHING
MODERN PLOUGHING
 LEVELLING
process to make soil surface in level for sowing seeds
Done by using a leveller , made of wood or iron

Wooden leveller Iron leveller

TRADITIONAL LEVELLING
 MODERN LEVELLING
SOWING
Done by broadcaster and seed drill
Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected

Broadcasting Seed Drill

 MANUAL SOWING
 SOWING BY SEED DRILL
APPLYING MANURE AND
FERTILIZERS
MANURE
Organic natural substances , derived
from decomposition of biological
materials.
contain organic matter in large
quantities.
contain nutrient in small quantities
& are needed in large quantities.
they are not nutrient specific.
they are prepared in fields & villages.
manures are bulky substances. So
these are inconvenient to store, use and form . So these are easy to store, use and
transport
do not cause pollution
FERTILIZER
organic or inorganic substances.
organic matter not present.
Contain much higher amount of
nutrients & are required in very small
quantities.
they are nutrient specific.
they are manufactured in factories.
these are available in concentrated
transport.
cause water pollution
Manure Manure Spreader
 MANURE SPREADING
Fertilizer Sprayer
FERTILIZERS SPRAYING
IRRIGATION
Process of supplying water to crop plants growing in
the fields by means of canal, reservoir, wells, tube
wells, etc.
Water provide essential macronutrients to crop ---
hydrogen and oxygen
TYPES OF IRRIGATION
SOIL BASED IRRIGATION
Eg - crop grown in sandy soil require more frequent
irrigation than crop grown in clayey soil
CROP BASED IRRIGATION
Eg paddy crop is transplanted in standing water
requires more water supply as compared to wheat,
gram, cotton.
METHODS OF IRRIGATION
TRADITIONAL METHODS :-
Moat (pulley system)
Chain pump
Dhekli
Rahat (level system)
Moat System Chain Pump
Rahat System Dhekli System
 RAHAT SYSTEM
CHAIN PUMP
DHEKLI SYSTEM
MOAT SYSTEM
 MODERN METHODS:-
Drip Irrigation Method
Sprinkler System
Fertigation
Drip Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation
DRIP IRRIGATION
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
REMOVAL OF WEEDS
WEEDS :- undesirable plants with the main crop,
compete with the main crop for water, nutrients,
space, light.
WEEDING :- removal of weeds.
WEEDING METHODS
METHODS EXAMPLES

BIOLOGICAL METHODS Cassia plant against Parthenium weed

Herbivorous fish in paddy fields

CHEMICAL METHODS 2,4-D, Nitrofen, Atrazine

CULTURAL METHODS Crop rotation, Mixed Cropping,

Intercropping

MECHANICAL METHODS Ploughing, Flooding, Burning

WEEDING IN BANANA CROP
HARVESTING
Cutting of crop after its maturation
Done by sickle or by a machine called harvester
Grains are separated from chaff by a process called
threshing
Threshing is carried out by combine (harvester +
thresher)
SICKLE HARVESTER
COMBINE
MANUAL HARVESTING
 MODERN HARVESTING
STORAGE OF GRAINS
After threshing, grains are dried in sun and then
packed.
Farmers store food grains in jute bags or metallic bins
Large scale storage is done in silos and granaries and
stored in godowns
At domestic level, dried neem leaves are also used
SILOS
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR
GRAINS LOSS DURING
STORAGE
BIOTIC (LIVING) FACTORS:- insects, rodents, birds,
mites

ABIOTIC (NON LIVING) FACTORS:- Temperature,

moisture, humidity, material of container
MEASURES TO PREVENT GRAIN
LOSS
Drying before storage
Maintenance of hygeine
Plant product treatment
Prophylactic treatment
Improved storage structures
 DISEASES OF CROPS
CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE SYMPTOMS
AGENT
Seed borne Ergot of Bajra Claviceps perpuria Fungus infect
diseases florets and
develops in ovaries,
producing sticky
liquid called honey
dew.
Leaf Spot of Rice Bipolaris oryzae Brown leaf spots
occur which are
small and circular
Ergot of Bajra Leaf Spot of Rice
CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE SYMPTOMS
AGENT
Soil borne diseases Tikka disease of Cercosporidium Spots are reddish
groundnut personatum brown to black on
upper surface and
light brown on the
lower surface of
leaf.
Smut of bajra Tolyposporium sp. In affected ears,
some of grain
become deep
green which
becomes black.
Tikka disease of groundnut Smut of Bajra
CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE SYMPTOMS
AGENT

Water borne Bacterial blight of Xanthomonas Leaves of young

disease rice oryzae plant become pale
green , whole leaf
become whitish,
greyish and then
die.
Bacterial Blight of Rice
CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE SYMPTOMS
AGENT
Air borne disease Rust of wheat Puccinia triticana Brown pustules on
the stalk and
leaves. These
pustules burst and
release brown
powder which
consist of spores.
Blast of rice Magnaporthe White to green
grisea lesions with dark
border appear on
all parts of shoot.
Internodal
infection also
occur which result
in the breakdown
of stem.
Rust of wheat Blast of rice
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Agriculture practices that can continue for very long
time without damaging the natural resources
Can be done by:-
Mixed farming
Crop rotation
Mixed cropping
Intercropping
Intercropping
 Mixed Cropping
Three Sisters(Bean+Squash+Corn)
The spreading, big-leafed squash shades the ground
conserving moisture, inhibiting weeds and deterring
pests.
The corn acts as a natural beanpole, while the beans
contribute nitrogen to the soil for the other crops to
use. Together, beans and corn provide a complete
protein. In this photo, you can see the light green
leaves of a bean plant growing at the base of the
cornstalk.
Three Sisters
GREEN REVOLUTION
Started in 1960 by Dr.
M.S. Swaminathan
(father of green
revolution)
Main aim was to increase
production of wheat by
modern agricultural
practices
High yield dwarf variety
of wheat Sharbati
sonara was developed in
1967.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Science which deals with scientific management of
animals. It includes:-
Breeding
Feeding
Heeding
Weeding
THANKS

Biology Department
Udaipur Study Centre