EDUCATIONAL

TECHNOLOGY
Christopher Allan E. Talili
Learning Episode 13:

Teaching with Visual Symbols

Visual symbols will be made meaningful if we can use them as
summaries of our own direct experiences or our own rich indirect
experiencesA little can stand for a lot!.
Learning Episode 13-Teaching with Visual Symbols

Visuals symbols include drawings, cartoons,

strips drawings, diagrams, formulas, charts,
graphs, maps, globes and globes.

Drawings
A drawing may not be a real thing but
better to have a concrete visual aid than
nothing. To avoid confusion, it is good that
our drawing correctly represent the real
thing.
Learning Episode 13-Teaching with Visual Symbols

Cartoons
Another useful visual symbol that can
bring novelty to our teaching is the cartoon. The
perfect cartoon needs no caption. The less artist
depends on words, the more effective the
symbolism.

Strips drawings
These are commonly called comics or
comics strip. Make use of strips that a
educational and entertaining at the same time.
Learning Episode 13-Teaching with Visual Symbols

Diagrams
It is any line drawing that shows
arrangement and relations as of parts to the
whole, relative values, origins and
development, chronological fluctuations,
distribution, etc.

Types of diagram
Affinity diagram
Used to cluster complex apparently unrelated
data into natural and meaningful groups.
Learning Episode 13-Teaching with Visual Symbols

Tree diagram
Used to chart out, in increasing detail, the various
tasks that must be accomplished to complete a project or
achieve a specific objective.

Fishbone diagram
It is also called cause-and-effect diagram. It is a
structured form of brainstorming that graphically shows
relationship of possible causes and subcauses directly
related to an identified effect/problem.
Learning Episode 13-Teaching with Visual Symbols

Charts
A chart is a diagrammatic representation of
relationships among individuals within an organization.

Examples of charts
Time chart
Is a tabular time chart that represents data in
ordinal sequence.
Learning Episode 13-Teaching with Visual Symbols

Tree or stream chart

Depicts development, growth and change by
beginning with single course which spreads out into many
branches.
Flow chart
Is a visual way of charting or showing a process from
the beginning to the end.

Organizational chart
Shows how one part of the organization relates to
other parts of the organization.
Learning Episode 13-Teaching with Visual Symbols

Comparison and contrast chart

Pareto chart
Is a type of bar chart, prioritized in descending
order of magnitude or Importance from left to right.

Gantt chart
Is an activity time chart
Learning Episode 13-Teaching with Visual Symbols

Graphs

Kinds of Graphs
Pie graph or circle graph
Recommended for showing parts of a whole.
Bar graph
Used in comparing the magnitude of similar items at different ties or
seeing relative sizes of the parts of the whole.
Pictograph
Make use of picture symbols.
Graphic Organizers
You met several graphic organizers in your subject, Principles of
Teaching .
Learning Episode 13-Teaching with Visual Symbols

Maps
A map is a representation of the surface of the earth
or some part of it.

Kinds of Map
Physical Map
Combines in a single projection data like altitude,
temperature, rainfall, precipitation, vegetation and soil.

Relief Map
Has three dimensional representation and show contours of
physical data of the earth or part of the earth.
Learning Episode 13-Teaching with Visual Symbols

Kinds of Map
Commercial or economic map
Also called product or industrial map since they show land areas
in relation to the economy.

Political map
Gives detailed information about country, provinces, cities and
towns, roads and highways. Oceans, rivers and lakes are the main
features of most political maps.
Learning Episode 13-Teaching with Visual Symbols

Map Language
Scale
Shows how much of the actual earths surface is represented
by a give measurement on a map.
Symbols
Usually a map has a legend that explains what each symbol
means.
Color
The different colors of the map are part of the map language.
Geographic grids
The entire system of this grid lines are called grid lines. These
grid lines are called meridians and parallels.
Learning Episode 14:

Maximizing the use of the

Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard
Indeed in nocountry have I ever seen a good school without a
blackboard or a successful teacher who did not use it frequently.
- Horace Mann
Learning Episode 14-Maximizing the use of the Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard

The Chalkboard
Except extremely deprived classrooms, every classroom
has a chalkboard. I fact, a school may have no computer, radio,
TV, etc. but will always have a chalkboard. The following
practices of dedicated personal teachers may help us in the
effective use of the chalkboard:

Write clearly and legibly on the board.

It helps if you have a hard copy of your chalkboard diagram

of outline.

Dont crowd your notes on the board.

Learning Episode 14-Maximizing the use of the Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard

Make use of colored chalk to highlight key points.

Do not turn your back to your class while you write on the
chalkboard.

For the sake of order and clarity, start to write from the left side of
the board going to the right.

If you teach the Grades and you think the lines on the chalkboard
are needed for writing exercise, then provide line for your board.

Look at your board work from all corners of the room to test if the
pupils from all sides of the room can read your board work.
Learning Episode 14-Maximizing the use of the Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard

If there is a glare on the chalkboard at certain times of the

day, a curtain on the window may solve the problem.

If you need to replace your chalkboard or if you are having a

new classroom with new chalkboard suggest to the carpenter
to mount the chalkboard a little concave from the left to right
to avoid glare for the pupils benefits.

If you need to have a board work in advance or that need to

be saved for tomorrows use write please save and cover
the same with curtain.
Learning Episode 14-Maximizing the use of the Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard

Make full use of the chalkboard.

Chalkboard techniques
Sharpen your chalk to get good line quality.
Stand with your elbow high. Move along as you write.
Use dots as aiming points. This keeps writing level.
Make all writing and printing between 2 and 4 inches high
for legibility.
When using colored chalk, use soft chalk so that it can be
erased easily.
Learning Episode 14-Maximizing the use of the Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard

The Overhead Projector (OHP)

There are other kinds of projector like opaque

projector and slide projector. The overhead projector
seems more available in schools.
Learning Episode 14-Maximizing the use of the Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard

Advantages of Overhead Projector by Brown:

The projector itself is simple to operate.

The overhead projector is used in the front of the room

by the instructor, who has complete control of the
sequence, timing and manipulation of his material.

Facing his class and observing the students reactions, the

instructor can guide his audience, control its attention
and regulate the flow of information in the presentation.
Learning Episode 14-Maximizing the use of the Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard

The projected image behind the instructor can be as large

as necessary for all in the audience to see; it is clear and
bright, even in fairly well-lighted room.

Since the transparency, as it is placed on the projector, is

seen by the instructor exactly as students see it on the
screen, he may point, write, or otherwise make
indications upon it to facilitate communication.

Since the transparency, as it is placed on the projector, is

seen by the instructor exactly as students see it on the
screen, he may point, write or otherwise make indications
upon it to facilitate communication.
Learning Episode 14-Maximizing the use of the Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard

The stage, of the projector is large , thus allowing the

teacher to write information with ease or to show prepared
transparencies. His works appears immediately on the
screen.

It is especially easy for teachers and students to create their

own materials for use in the overhead projector.

An increasing number of high-quality commercial

transparencies.
Learning Episode 14-Maximizing the use of the Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard

Overhead Projection Techniques

You can show pictures and diagrams, using a pointer on the
transparency to direct attention to a detail.
You can use a felt pen or wax based pencil to add details or
to make points on the transparency during projection.
You can control the rate of presenting in formation by
covering a transparency with a sheet o paper or card board
and then exposing data as you are ready to discuss each
point.
Learning Episode 14-Maximizing the use of the Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard

Overhead Projection Techniques

You can superimpose additional transparency sheets as
overlays on the base transparency so as to separate
processes and complex ideas into elements and present
them in step by step order.
You can show three dimensional objects from the stage of
the projector in silhouette if the object is opaque, or in
color if an object is made of transparent color plastic.
You can move overlays back and forth across the base in
order to rearrange elements of diagrams or problems.
Learning Episode 14-Maximizing the use of the Overhead Projector and the
Chalkboard

Overhead Projection Techniques

For special purposes you can simulate motion on parts of a
transparency by using the effects of polarized light.
You can simultaneously project on an adjacent screen other
visual materials, usually slides or motion pictures, which
illustrate or apply the generalization shown on a
transparency.
FIN