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Chapter 4 Chemical Composition

Of The Cell

4.1 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

ITeach Biology Form 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Composed of one atom.


Cannot be broken into simpler
Element substances.
Chemical Ex: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O),
Composition Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N).
Of The Cell
Chemical
Compound

Organic Inorganic
compound compound

Contains element carbon


No carbon

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids Water

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Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Komposisi Kimia Sel

Terbina daripada satu atom


Tidak boleh diuraikan kepada
Unsur bahan yang lebih mudah

Komposisi Cth: Karbon (C), Oksigen (O),


Kimia Sel Hidrogen (H), Nitrogen (N).

Sebatian
kimia

Sebatian Sebatian
organik Bukan Organik

Mengandungi unsur karbon


Tiada
karbon

Karbohidrat Protein Lipid Asid nukleik Air

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Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Chemical Composition Of The Cell

The Importance Of Organic Compounds In The Cells

Provide major source of energy.

To build cell walls in plant.


Carbohydrate
As food storage.

Build external skeletons of insects.

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Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Komposisi Kimia Sel

Kepentingan Sebatian Organik Dalam Sel

Membekalkan sumber tenaga utama.

Untuk membina dinding sel pada tumbuhan.


Karbohidrat
Sebagai makanan simpanan.

Membina rangka luaran serangga

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Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Chemical Composition Of The Cell

The Importance Of Protein In The Cells

To synthesis antibodies to prevent diseases.

To repair and produce new cells.


Protein
Act as energy storage.

Form haemoglobin to transport oxygen.

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Komposisi Kimia Sel

Kepentingan Protein Dalam Sel

Untuk sintesis antibodi bagi mempertahankan badan


daripada penyakit.

Untuk memperbaiki dan menghasilkan sel baru.


Protein
Bertindak sebagai makanan simpanan.

Membentuk hemoglobin untuk mengangkut oksigen.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Chemical Composition Of The Cell

The Importance of Lipids in the Cells

As a stored product in Produce liver bile


the form of adipose necessary for
tissue. digestion of fats

Lipids

Form phospholipids
As a solvent for bilayer of plasma
vitamin A,D,E,K. membrane

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Komposisi Kimia Sel

Kepentingan Lipid Dalam Sel

Sebagai hasil Menghasilkan jus


simpanan dalam hempedu untuk
bentuk tisu adipos. pencernaan lemak.

Lipid

Menghasilkan
Sebagai pelarut dwilapisan fosfolipid
vitamin A,D,E,K. membran plasma.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Chemical Composition Of The Cell

The Importance of Nucleic Acids in the Cells

Two types of nucleic acid:


Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleic
Acids

The importance of nucleic acids in cell:


Store genetic information
Protein synthesis

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base
DNA

Pentose sugar
Basic Unit Structure
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Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Komposisi Kimia Sel

Kepentingan Asid Nukleik Dalam Sel

2 jenis asid nukleik:


Asid deoksiribonukleik (DNA)
Asid ribonukleik (RNA)
Asid Nukleik

Kepentingan asid nukleik dalam sel:


Menyimpan maklumat genetik
Mensintesis protein

Kumpulan fosfat

Bes bernitrogen
DNA

Gula pentosa
Struktur Unit Asas
ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4
Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Chemical Composition Of The Cell

The Importance of Water in the Cell

Polar molecule consist of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

To provide support in the plant cells.

Helps in lubrication.

Act as a transport medium.

water
Acts as a medium for biochemical
reactions.

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Komposisi Kimia Sel

Kepentingan Lipid Dalam Sel

Molekul berpolar yang mempunyai dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom
oksigen

Untuk memberi sokongan di dalam sel


tumbuhan.

Sebagai pelincir.

Bertindak sebagai medium pengangkutan.

Air
Bertindak sebagai medium untuk tindak
balas biokimia.

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Chapter 4 Chemical Composition
Of The Cell

4.2 Carbohydrates

ITeach Biology Form 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Carbohydrates

Types of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 2:1.

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Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Karbohidrat

Jenis-jenis Karbohidrat

Monosakarida Disakarida Polisakarida

Mengandungi karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen.

Nisbah atom hidrogen kepada atom oksigen adalah 2:1.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are simple sugar such as glucose, fructose and galactose.

Glucose. Fructose. Galactose.


Found in plants and Found in sweet Present in milk.
fruit. fruits and honey.

Monosaccharide are reducing sugars and reducing agent.

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Karbohidrat

Monosakarida

Merupakan gula ringkas seperti glukosa, fruktosa dan galaktosa.

Glukosa. Fruktosa. Galaktosa


Dijumpai dalam Dijumpai pada buah Terdapat di dalam
tumbuhan dan manis dan madu. susu.
buah.

Merupakan gula penurun dan agen penurun.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Carbohydrates

Complex sugars with general formula C12H22O11.

Two monosaccharides combined together


through condensation.

Condensation involves removal of water


molecule during formation of disaccharides.
Disaccharides
Examples: Maltose, sucrose and lactose.

Can be broken down into monosaccharides by


hydrolysis.

Maltose and lactose are reducing sugar.

Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Karbohidrat

Gula kompleks dengan formula umum


C12H22O11.

Dua monosakarida bergabung bersama melalui


proses kondensasi.

Kondensasi melibatkan penyingkiran molekul air


semasa pembentukan disakarida.
Disakarida
Contoh : Maltosa, sukrosa dan laktosa.

Boleh diputuskan kepada monosakarida secara


hidrolisis.

Maltosa dan laktosa adalah gula penurun.

Sukrosa merupakan gula bukan penurun.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Carbohydrates

The Formation and Breakdown of Disaccharides

Condensation
1 Glucose + glucose Maltose + water
Hydrolysis

Condensation
2 Glucose + fructose Sucrose + water
Hydrolysis

Condensation
3 Glucose + galactose Lactose + water
Hydrolysis

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Karbohidrat

Pembentukan dan Penghuraian Disakarida

Kondensasi
1 Glukosa + glukosa Maltosa + air
Hidrolisis

Kondensasi
2 Glukosa + fruktosa Sukrosa + air
Hidrolisis

Kondensasi
3 Glukosa + galaktosa Laktosa + air
Hidrolisis

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Polymers with combination of many


monosaccharides to form a long chain of
molecules.

Insoluble in water, do not taste sweet and


crystallize.

Can be broken into smaller molecules through


hydrolysis.

Examples of polysaccharides are:


Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Karbohidrat

Polisakarida

Polimer dengan gabungan banyak monosakarida


untuk membentuk molekul yang berantai
panjang.

Tidak larut dalam air, tidak mempunyai rasa


manis dan tidak menghablur.

Boleh dihuraikan kepada molekul ringkas melalui


proses hidrolisis.

Contoh polisakarida:
Kanji
Glikogen
Selulosa

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Chapter 4 Chemical Composition
Of The Cell

4.3 Proteins

ITeach Biology Form 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Proteins

Proteins

Contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.

Made up of amino acids which joined together by peptide bond.

Dipeptide: Two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond.

Polypeptide chain is when more amino acids linked together to form long
chains of amino acids.

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Protein

Protein

Mengandungi karbon, oksigen, hidrogen dan nirogen.

Dibina daripada asid amino yang digabung bersama oleh ikatan peptida.

Dipeptida: Dua asid amino yang digabung bersama oleh ikatan peptida.

Rantaian polipeptida dibentuk apabila banyak asid amino bergabung bersama


untuk membentuk rantai panjang asid amino.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Proteins

Protein Structures

Primary structure Quarternary structure

Secondary structure Tertiary structure

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Protein

Struktur struktur Protein

Struktur pertama Struktur keempat

Struktur kedua Struktur ketiga

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Proteins

The non-essential amino acid The essential amino acids


Can be synthesised by Cannot be synthesised by
body. body.
Derived from other amino Types of Can only be obtained from
acids. Amino diet.
Acids

First class protein


Contain all the essential amino acids.
Ex: Animal protein such as milk, meat

Second class protein


Food that lacks a few essential amino acids.
Ex: Plant proteins such as corn

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Protein

Asid amino tak penting Asid amino penting


Boleh disintesis oleh Tidak boleh disintesis oleh
badan. badan.
Diperolehi daripada asid Jenis-jenis Hanya boleh diperolehi
amino lain. Asid Amino melalui makanan.

Protein kelas pertama


Mengandungi semua asid amino penting
Cth: Protein daripada haiwan seperti susu dan daging

Protein kelas kedua


Makanan yang kurang beberapa asid amino penting
Cth: Protein tumbuhan seperti jagung

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition
Of The Cell

4.4 Lipids

ITeach Biology Form 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Lipids

Steroid Cholesterol and hormones.

Found on the cuticles of epidermis of


Waxes
leave, fruit and seed.

The main types Important in formation of plasma


Phospholipids
of lipids membrane.

Fats
Triglycerides
Oil

condensation

+ + 3H2O
hydrolysis

glycerol 3 molecules triglyceride water


of fatty acids
ITeach Biology Form 4
Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Lipid

Steroid Kolestrol dan hormon.

Dijumpai pada kutikel pada


Lilin
epidermis daun, buah dan biji benih.

Jenis-jenis Penting dalam pembentukan


Fosfolipid
utama lipid membran plasma.

Lemak
Trigliserida
Minyak

kondensasi

+ + 3H2O
hidrolisis

gliserol 3 molekul trigliserida air


asid lemak
ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4
Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Lipids

Fats and Oils

Fatty acids

Saturated Fat Unsaturated Fat

Contains saturated fatty Contains unsaturated fatty


acids. acids.
Does not contains double Contains at least one double
bonds between carbon atoms bond between carbon atoms

(-C-C-) (-C=C-)

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Lipid

Lemak dan Minyak

Asid lemak

Lemak tepu Lemak tak tepu

Mengandungi asid lemak Mengandungi asid lemak tak


tepu. tepu.
Tidak mempunyai ikatan Mengandungi sekurang-
berganda antara atom kurangnya satu ikatan
karbon berganda antara atom
(-C-C-) karbon
(-C=C-)

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition
Of The Cell

4.5 Enzymes

ITeach Biology Form 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Biochemical reactions which occur in cells


are called metabolism.

The Role Of Enzymes Enzymes act as biological catalysts that


In Organisms regulate almost all cellular reactions.

Enzymes also speed up metabolic reaction


in cell.

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Tindak balas biokimia yang berlaku di


dalam sel dipanggil metabolisme.

Enzim bertindak sebagai pemangkin biologi


Peranan Enzim Pada yang mengawal hampir kesemua tindak
Organisma balas dalam sel.

Enzim juga mempercepatkan tindak balas


metabolisma di dalam sel.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Made up of proteins.

Accelerate the rates of chemical reaction and not


destroyed at the end of reactions.

Have specific sites called active sites.

General
Small amount of enzyme needed to produce large
Characteristics
amount of substrate molecules.
of Enzymes

Cofactor is needed in order to function well.

Reversible reaction:
Enzyme
Substrates Products

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Terbina daripada protein.

Mempercepatkan kadar tindak balas kimia dan tidak


dimusnahkan pada akhir tindak balas.

Mempunyai tapak spesifik dipanggil tapak aktif.

Ciri-ciri Umum Enzim diperlukan dalam kuantiti yang kecil untuk


Enzim menghasilkan molekul substrat berkuantiti besar.

Kofaktor diperlukan untuk enzim berfungsi dengan baik.

Tindak balas berbalik:


Enzim
Substrat Hasil

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Naming of Are formed by adding ase at the last name of their


Enzymes substrates.

Example :

Substrate Enzyme

Lactose Lactase

Sucrose Sucrase

Lipid Lipase

Pepsin, trypsin and rennin were named before


systematic way of naming enzymes was created.

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Penamaan Terbentuk dengan menambahkan frasa ase pada nama


Enzim akhiran substrat enzim.

Contoh :

Substrat Enzim

Laktosa Laktase

Sukrosa Sukrase

Lipid Lipase

Pepsin, tripsin dan renin dinamakan sebelum


sistem penamaan enzim secara sistematik
diwujudkan.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Enzymes are produce by protein synthesis


within cells.

Thus, site for enzyme synthesis is also


located at ribosomes.

DNA carries information for enzyme


Sites of synthesis.
enzyme
synthesis
Different sequences of bases in DNA are
codes to make different proteins.

Messenger RNA is formed to translate codes


into a sequence of amino acids.

Amino acids are bonded together to form


specific enzymes.

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Enzim dihasilkan oleh protein yang disintesis


dalam sel.

Oleh itu, tapak sintesis enzim juga terletak di


ribosom.

DNA membawa maklumat untuk sintesis


enzim.
Tapak Sintesis
Enzim
Jujukan bes yang berbeza pada DNA
merupakan kod untuk menghasilkan protein
yang berbeza.

Utusan RNA akan menterjemah kod yang


diterima daripada DNA kepada satu jujukan
asid amino.

Acid amino akan digabungkan bersama


untuk membentuk enzim tertentu.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Intracellular and Extracellular Enzymes

Intracellular enzymes Extracellular enzymes

Produced and kept in cell for its Produced in cell but secreted out
own use. of cell to work externally

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Enzim Intrasel dan Luar Sel

Enzim Intrasel Enzim Luar Sel

Dihasilkan dan disimpan di Dihasilkan di dalam sel tetapi


dalam sel untuk kegunaan dirembes keluar dari sel untuk
sendiri. berfungsi di luar sel.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Production of Extracellular
Enzymes

Protein is
Protein is Transported Rough endoplasmic wrapped in
synthesised in vesicles and Golgi apparatus
through reticulum (ER)
ribosomes moves to

Secretory
Enzyme is vesicle Transport vesicle
Outside cell Plasma membrane
released membrane fuses with Golgi
fuses with complex and protein
plasma is modified.
membrane

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Penghasilan Enzim Luar Sel

Protein
Protein disintesis di Diangkut Jalinan endoplasma dibungkus
Jasad Golgi
dalam ribosom melalui kasar di dalam
vesikel dan
dipindahkan
ke

Vesikel
Enzim rembesan Vesikel pengangkut
Ke luar sel Membran plasma
dibebaskan berpadu berpadu dengan
dengan jasad Golgi dan
membran protein diubah.
plasma

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

The Mechanism of Enzyme Action

Lock and Key Hypothesis


Has distinctive
shape that
compliments its substrate
substrate

active site

Enzyme Enzyme-substrate

products

Enzyme
ITeach Biology Form 4
Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Mekanisme Tindakan Enzim

Hipotesis Kunci dan Mangga

Mempunyai bentuk
khusus khas untuk substrat
substratnya

tapak aktif

Enzim Enzim-substrat

hasil

Enzim
ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4
Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Substrate
Temperature
concentration
Factors
Affecting
Enzyme
Activity

Enzyme
pH concentration

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Suhu Kepekatan substrat

Faktor Yang
Mempengaruhi
Aktiviti Enzim

pH Kepekatan enzim

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Temperature

The rate of enzyme activity

Optimum temperature
Increase in temperature
causes more collisions
Rate of enzyme-catalysed
between enzyme and
reaction decreases due to
substrate molecules
denaturation of enzyme

Temperature (C)

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Aktiviti


Enzim

Suhu

Kadar aktiviti enzim

Suhu optimum
Peningkatan suhu
menyebabkan lebih Kadar tindak balas enzim-
banyak perlanggaran pemangkin menurun
berlaku antara molekul disebabkan oleh
enzim dan substrat penyahaslian enzim.
Suhu(C)

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

pH

The rate of enzyme activity


Optimal pH of most
enzymes in human cells
Optimal pH
of pepsin Optimal pH of
trypsin

pH

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Aktiviti


Enzim

pH

Kadar aktiviti enzim


pH optimum bagi
kebanyakan enzim di
pH optimum dalam sel manusia
bagi pepsin pH optimum
bagi tripsin

pH

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Substrate
concentration

Rate of reaction

Substrate concentration

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Aktiviti


Enzim

Kepekatan
Substrat

Kadar tindak balas

Kepekatan substrat

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Enzyme
concentration

Rate of reaction

Enzyme
concentration

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Aktiviti


Enzim

Kepekatan
Enzim

Kadar tindak balas

Kepekatan enzim

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Enzymes

Biological enzymes
Used in washing powder.

Lipase
Used in cheese ripening.
The Uses of
Enzymes
Protease
To tenderise meat.

Amylase
Convert starch to sugar.

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Enzim

Enzim biologi
Digunakan di dalam sabun basuh.

Lipase
Digunakan di dalam penyediaan keju.

Kegunaan Enzim

Protease
Untuk melembutkan daging.

Amilase
Menukar kanji kepada gula.

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition
Of The Cell

4.6 The Importance Of Chemical Composition In Cells

ITeach Biology Form 4


Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

The Importance Of Chemical Composition In Cells

The Importance Of Chemical


Composition In Cells

Chemical Substances Consequence of Deficiency

Carbohydrate Respiration cannot occur

Impaired mental and physical


Protein
development

Plasma membrane is not well


Lipids
formed

Enzymes No chemical reaction in the cell

ITeach Biology Form 4


Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel

Kepentingan Komposisi Kimia Dalam Sel

Kepentingan Komposisi Kimia Dalam Sel

Bahan kimia Akibat kekurangan

Karbohidrat Respirasi tidak berlaku

Perkembangan mental dan fizikal


Protein
terganggu

Membran plasma tidak terbentuk


Lipid
dengan baik

Enzim Tiada tindak balas kimia pada sel

ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 4


The End

i - Teach

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