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Signal Frequency =
Cycles/Second
Amplitude
A typical
sine wave
Time
Cycle
Amplitude and Cycle
Amplitude
Distance above reference line
Cycle
One complete wave
Frequency
Frequency
Cycles per second
Hertz is the unit used for expressing
frequency
Frequency spectrum
Defines the bandwidth for different analog
communication technologies
Information Representation
Using Analog Signals
Information can be represented using
analog signals
Analog signals cannot be manipulated
easily
Analog signals must be digitized for
computer processing
They must also be presented in binary
form for computer processing
Analog to Digital Conversion
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
A to D Converters, Digital
Signal Processors (DSP) etc.
Data Transmission Using Analog
Technology
Computer Modem
Digital Analog
0s and 1s 0s and 1s
Digital-to-Analog Modulation
and vice versa
Voice Transmission Example
Voice
Carrier Wave
AM Radio Transmission
Analog-to-Analog Modulation
End of Module
Module
Frequency Spectrum
and Bandwidth
Radio Satellite
Voice
Frequency Transmission
KHz
MHz MHz
Coaxial Microwave
Cable
Frequency Spectrum
Low-end
Voice band
Middle
Microwave
High-end
Satellite communication
Signal Propagation
Low frequency
Omni-directional
High frequency (In general)
Unidirectional
Bandwidth Definition
Communicatio Technology
Bandwidth n Speed
Impact of bandwidth and Technology
on Communication Speed
Bandwidth limitation
Use better technology such as data
compression used in modems to increase
speed of communication
Bandwidth and technology limitation
Move to higher bandwidth media such as
fiber cables
Speed Dependency on Bandwidth
and Technology
Higher Bandwidth
Medium 1
Technology Medium 2
An Overview of Digital
Technology
Computers
New telephone networks
Phased introduction of digital television
technology
Digital Technology
Basics
Digital signals that could be assigned
digital values
Digital computer technology
Digital signals
Binary representation
Encoded into ones and zeros
Digital Advantage
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
Pulse
Time
Pulse Duration
Digital Terms
Pulse
Pulse duration
Pulse amplitude
Signal strength
Clock Speed and Pulse Duration
MHz
Pulse
Duration
Clock Speed and
Execution Speed
Pulse duration is inversely proportional
to the clock frequency
Faster the clock speed, the smaller the
pulse duration
Smaller the pulse duration, the faster
the execution in general
Clock Speed and Communication
Speed
Digital-to-Analog and
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Analog-to-Digital Conversation
Connection of a computer to an analog
communication line
Digital-to-Digital Interface
Connection of a computer to a digital ISDN
line
Connection of different networks using a
router
Digital-to-Analog Interface
POTS
Comp. Comp.
Sys. 1 Modem Modem Sys. 2
Analog
Digital Digital
Serial ITU V.90
Serial
RS-232C RS-232C
Digital-to-Digital Interface
Digital
Digital Digital
Internet
IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3
Digital to Digital Interface
Overview of Digitization of
Information
Alphanumeric data
Image
Audio
Video
Digital Information Processing
Data
Digitized
Audio
and Digital
Image Encoded Transmission
Video
The Advantages of Digitization
Digitization Of Alphanumeric
Data
Tamil
Web
Site
Client
Site created using all Internet Explorer
the tools such as the Browser retrieving
MS-IIS. Tamil pages on a client
supporting Unicode.
Transmission of Tamil Pages as
Images on WWW
Binary image
transmission of
Tamil pages.
Tamil
Client
Web
Site
Internet Explorer
Web pages scanned and Browser retrieving Tamil
stored as images. pages similar to images.
Using Downloaded Fonts to Host
and Transmit Tamil Pages
Tamil
Web Binary encoded form. Client
Site
Internet Explorer
Site created retrieving Tamil
with tools pages.
such as MS-IIS.
Foreign Language Web Page
Options
Digitization Of Audio
9 8 7 6 7 9
9 8 7 6 5 6
CD quality audio
44 KHz
16 Bits
Stereo
End of Module
Module
Number of bits
used for binary
9 8 7 6 7 9
encoding.
Example: 4 bits
allow 16
amplitude
variations to be
Sampling Interval represented.
Effect of Sampling Frequency
Number of samples
8000 per second
Number of bits per sample
8
Bandwidth requirement
8X8000 bps = 64,000 bps
Approximately 64K bps
64K bps is the speed of a single ISDN
(B) channel designed to carry voice
Bandwidth of Voice Circuits
Web
28-56K bps
Site
Client
Receive audio using
Real-time audio
Internet Explorer
broadcast support
and a plug-in to receive
using streaming
the audio stream.
server module.
Delivery of Instruction Over the
WWW
Audio/Video streaming.
Web
28-56K bps
Site
Client
Store streamed audio/ Receive audio/video using
video using Windows Media. Internet Explorer and Media
Player.
Streaming Classroom Lectures on
CD
WWW
Unicasting
Multicasting
Broadcasting
Sampling Considerations In
Communications
Sender Receiver
Transmission
Analog Analog
Audio Telephone Signals
Analog Analog
Audio Signals
Telephone
Recreation of Audio from Analog
Signals
A difficult task
Complex algorithms are used to filter
noise etc. for better audio transmission
Signal Passage in Digital Audio
Transmission
Encode
Audio
Recreate Transmit
Decode Audio
A Sample Digital Audio
Transmission Path
Recreate Transmit
Decode Audio
Sample Digital Audio Transmission
Path Over Analog Lines
Analog Digital
Audio Audio Modem
Sound
Card
Analog
PSN
Web
Site
DSP
Digital Analog
End of Module
Module
Digitization Of Image
Number of bits
determine the
amount of
information that
could
be stored.
Digitization Of Image: The
Process
Divide the image into a grid of pixels
that may be considered as the sampling
points of the image
Digitize information on each pixel
Store and transmit
Resolution
Horizontal resolution
Number of horizontal pixels
Vertical resolution
Number of vertical pixels
Image resolution
Horizontal by vertical resolution
Ex: 640 by 480
Digitization of Black and White
Image
White
A pixel lit represents a 1
Black
A pixel not lit represents a 0
Storage required per pixel
1 bit
Storage required for 640 by 480
resolution image
640 times 480 bits = 307,200 bits = 38.4K
Bytes
Digitization of Image Using
Gray Scales
A pixel may take a value between 0 and
15 for 16 gray scales
A gray scale of 3 can be coded as 0011
and the others similarly using this 4
digit code
The bandwidth requirement for the
transmission of a 640X480 image in this
case is as follows:
640X480X4 = 153.5K Bytes
Digitization of Color Image
Image coding
Each pixel may take a value between 0 and 255 if
256 colors are to be represented
Storage requirement
Digitizing of images requires substantial number
of bytes and hence large storage space for
processing
Bandwidth requirement
Higher bandwidths are required to transmit color
images
Bandwidth Computation for
Image with 256 Colors
Resolution is 640X480
8 bits are required to represent 256
colors
bandwidth requirement for the
transmission of one image is as follows:
640X480X8 = 307.2K Bytes
The Effect of Color Depth and
Resolution
Compare VGA, SVGA and XGA
XGA provides the highest resolution
Practical implication
More colors less resolution if bandwidth or
storage is the limiting concern
Example
256 colors at lower resolution
16 colors at higher resolution
Rule
Higher the resolution the lower the number of
colors available in general given the resource
constraints such as bandwidth constraints
Factors Affecting Bandwidth
Requirement in Image Transmission
The higher the resolution, the higher the
bandwidth requirement for transmission
The higher the color representation, also
known as color depth, higher the bandwidth
requirement
For true color, 24 (32) bits are required to
represent each pixel
The file sizes in raw image capture can thus
become very large
End of Module
Module
GIF
JPEG
MIC (Microsoft Image Composer)
PCD (KODAK) - Used by Corel
Uncompressed file exist in the form of
bit mapped file with the extension of
.BMP
Image File Format Extensions
Sender Receiver
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - -0 1 1 1 1 1 11
... 0
THE ABOVE CAN BE COMPRESSED
INTO = #9000$0#
9000 bits are compressed into 8 characters
that#600$1#
require approximately 64 bits 600
for
transmission NUMBER COUNT
INTERPRET WITHIN THE # SIGN 1
9000 ZEROS ARE CODED INTO #900$0#
CHARACTER BEING
TRANSMITTED
Compression Result
Digitization Of Video
Intel ProShare
CU-See Me
Picturetel
C-phone
etc.
End of Module