11

Modul ke:

HVAC
Refrigeration system, Centrifugal and absorption

Fakultas
Teknik Gian V Golwa ST, MSi

Program Studi
Teknik Mesin
Data Lecturer
Gian V Golwa, ST MSi
Education :
S-1 Lampung University, Mechanical Engineering, Material
S-2 Indonesia University, Material Science, Corrosion and oil
Analysis
Work:
PT. NS Bluescope Lysaght Indonesia.
Contact :
Phone : +62 813 185 20 414
Email : giangolwa@gmail.com
 Introduction
A centrifugal vapor compression
refrigeration system uses a
centrifugal compressor to compress
the refrigerant and provides chilled
water to cool the air in air-handling
units and terminals
centrifugal refrigeration machine
usually comes as a factory-
assembled packaged unit and is
often called a centrifugal chiller
Most centrifugal chillers are driven
by open and hermetic motors.
Occasionally, they may be driven by
internal combustion engines.
Sometimes, large centrifugal chillers
are driven by steama nd gas turbines
Introduction
Refrigeration deals with the transfer of heat from a
low temperature level at the heat source to a high
temperature level at the heat sink by using a low
boiling refrigerant
 Five loops of heat transfer
Indoor air loop. In the leftmost loop, indoor air is driven by the supply air
fan through a cooling coil, where it transfers its heat to chilled water. The
cool air then cools the building space.
Chilled water loop. Driven by the chilled water pump, water returns from
the cooling coil to the chillers evaporator to be re-cooled.
Refrigerant loop. Using a phase-change refrigerant, the chillers compressor
pumps heat from the chilled water to the condenser water
Condenser water loop. Water absorbs heat from the chillers
condenser, and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling
tower
Cooling tower loop. The cooling towers fan drives air across an open
flow of the hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the
outdoors
Basic Refrigerator system
 Refrigerants
According to the ARI survey, there were about 80,000 large-tonnage chillers
in use in the United States in 1992. Of these, about 80 percent used CFC-11;
the remaining used CFC-12, CFC-114, HCFC-22, and others
HCFC-123, an interim refrigerant, will replace CFC-11 in centrifugal chillers.
In 1997, DuPont Company (manufacturer of HCFC-123) specified an
allowable exposure limit of 50 ppm for HCFC-123. HFC-134a, a long-term
alternative refrigerant, will replace CFC-12
In centrifugal chillers, the direct conversion from CFC-12 to HFC-134a
requires an increase in compressor speed, a drop in cooling capacity and
efficiency, and the use of synthetic polyolester lubrication oil instead of
mineral oil
Because a large amount of new non-CFC centrifugal chillers were installed
to replace CFC centrifugal chillers, the energy use of the centrifugal chillers,
expressed in kW/ ton, is significantly reduced. The manufacturers produced
new chillers with 0.49 kW/ton (7.17 COP) in 1997
Refrigerants properties
 Compressor
A centrifugal chiller consists of a centrifugal compressor, an evaporator or
liquid cooler, a condenser, a throttling device, piping connection, controls,
and possibly a purge unit and a flashing cooler
Because a high head lift is required to raise the evaporating pressure to the
condensing pressure, the hot gas discharge velocity at the exit of the
second-stage impeller approaches the acoustic velocity vac of the saturated
vapor
The refrigeration capacity of a centrifugal compressor ranges from 100 to
10,000 tons (350 to 35,000 kW). It is not economical to manufacture small
centrifugal compressors. Because they are turbomachines, centrifugal
compressors have higher volume flow than positive displacement
compressors.
Compressor
Centrifugal compressor
Evaporator
The evaporator in a centrifugal water cooled chiller is usually a shell and tube
heat exchanger that removes heat from the entering chilled water lowering its
temperature in the process.
The heat is used to boil the refrigerant changing it from a liquid to a gas. Daikin
chillers use a flooded type evaporator, which is very energy efficient.
Flooded evaporators place the chilled water in the tubes and refrigerant in the
shell completely submerging the tubes in refrigerant.
Large chillers can have over five miles of tubing in their heat exchangers.
Condenser
Condenser Like the evaporator, the condenser is usually a shell and tube heat
exchanger.
In this case, it removes heat from the refrigerant gas causing it to condense to a
liquid.
The heat raises the temperature of the cooling water often referred to as
condenser water.
The condenser water then carries the heat to the cooling tower where the heat
is rejected to atmosphere
 Expansion Device
After the refrigerant condenses to a liquid, it passes through a pressure
reducing device.
This can be as simple as an orifice plate or as complicated as an electronic
modulating expansion valve.
Daikin chillers use either a thermal expansion valve for chillers over 600
tons or an electronic modulating expansion valve for chillers under 600 tons
to give excellent modulation with a wide range of capacity and temperature
conditions.
 System Components
Evaporator. A flooded shell-and-tube evaporator is usually used for a
centrifugal chiller because of its compact size and high heat-transfer
characteristics.
Condenser. Water-cooled, horizontal shell-and-tube type of condensers are
widely used because of their lower condensing pressure and easier capacity
control
Flash Cooler. A flash cooler is sometimes called an economizer. It flashes a
small portion of refrigerant at the intermediate pressure to cool the
remaining liquid refrigerant to the saturated condition, For a two-stage
compressor, a single-stage flash cooler is used. For a three-stage
compressor, a two stage flash cooler is used.
Orifice Plates or Float Valves. Orifice plates (arranged in series) or float
valves are used as throttling devices in centrifugal chillers that employ
flooded refrigerant feed. The use of multiple orifices as a throttling device
Orifice valve
 Typical Operating Conditions
The design conditions imposed by most water-cooled HVAC systems
work very well for centrifugal chillers. The Air-Conditioning Heating
and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) provides test standards and
certification for a wide range of HVAC products including centrifugal
chillers. The ANSI/AHRI 550/590-2011: Performance Rating of Water-
Chilling and Heat Pump Water-Heating Packages Using the Vapor
Compression Cycle is used to test and rate chillers
Additionally, chillers typically have a certification that provides
engineers and owners with a third party validation that the chiller will
meet the performance the manufacturer indicates. The AHRI test
criteria allows an apples to apples comparison of different chillers
 Typical Operating Conditions
The standard AHRI rating condition is:
Leaving chilled water temperature 44F
Chilled water flow rate 2.4 gpm/ton
Entering condenser water temperature 85F
Condenser water flow rate 3.0 gpm/ton
0.0001 evaporator fouling factor and 0.00025 condenser fouling factor
The temperature change in the fluid for either the condenser or the evaporator
can be described using the following formula;
1. Q = W C TF ............; Where
Q = Quantity of heat exchanged (btu/hr or kw)
W = mass flow rate of fluid (lb/hr or kg/hr)
C = specific heat of fluid (btu/lbF or kJ/(kgK))
TF = temperature change of fluid (F or C)
Assuming the fluid is water, the formula takes the more common form of;
2. Load (btu/hr) = Flow (USgpm) (Fin Fout) 500 .................. Or
3. Load (tons) = Flow (USgpm) (Fin Fout) / 24
 Typical Operating Conditions
The rate at which the heat moves from one fluid to the
other can described by equation 4 and 5.
4. Q = U A LMTD ...........And
5. LMTD = TF/ Loge (1U /(2U)................ Where; (for the condenser)
Q = Quantity of heat exchanged (BTU/hr or kW)
U = overall heat transfer coefficient (BTU/(hr ft2 F))
A = area of heat exchanger tubes (ft2)
LMTD = Log Mean Temperature Difference between the fluid and the refrigerant (F or C)
TF = Temperature change of fluid (F or C)
1U = Entering temperature difference (F or C)
2U = Leaving temperature difference (F or C)
Terima Kasih
Gian V Golwa ST MSi