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SANDIP SING
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY
SUMMER PROJECT REPORT
At
HALDIA PLANT
Project duration
15.05.2017 to 30.06.2017
Mr Aniriddha Das
(Head Technical Auto)
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMPANY PROFILE
3. COLABORATION
4. WHAT IS BATTERY
5. PRODUCTION RANGE OF HALDIA FACTORY
6. AIM
7. CORE VALUR
8. MANUFACTURING UNITS
9. ENVIRONMENT CONCERN
10. FLOW SHEET FOR PRODUCTION OF BATTERY
11. PROCEDURE OF BATTERY MANUFACTURING
12. PROJECT REPORT
INTRODUCTION
EXIDE Industries Ltd. is the pioneer battery technology in India. Formally it was known as Chloride
Group Plc, UK, and the leader in packed power technology.
Exide today has technological collaboration with Shin-Kobe electricity Machinery company limited of
Japan, a subsidiary of Hitachi Group and manufacturer of Hitachi brand of batteries- The Furukawa
Battery Company Limited of Japan.
Exide first introduced polypropylene (PP) batteries in 1974 and with the arrival of Japanese cars in
India in 1983, was the first of Maruti. Since then EXIDE has been the first choice of global vehicle
manufacturers having production base in India. Line Maruti Suzuki, Daewoo-Martiz and Cilo, Fiat-Uno
and Siena, General motor Opel Astra, HUndai-Santra and Accent, IVECO, Layland, Mercedes Benz,
Peugeot and TeELCO-Indica.
As Indias largest lead acid storage batteries, the company enjoys ISO9001 and ISO 14001 certification
from RWTUV, Germany. EXIDE Industries Ltd. has a capacity of over four million batteries per annum.
From eight factories strategically located in different parts of the country providing flexibility and
optimized logistics.
The R&D centre, established in the year 1976 at Kolkata, has been undertaken major development
work in batteries related field. It has eight patents to its credit and ninth one is field jointly with Shin-
Kobe in Japan.
Constantly monitoring the performance of the batteries in the field and taking corrective action.
Organizing service camps in all important cities.
DIAL EXIDE Emergency service in major cities.
Developing and providing EXIDE outlets with modern service equipment.
Dealers training on service aspects.
MILESTONES
1996- Chloride Electric Storage Co. (CESCO) UK sets up trending operations in India as an
important house.
1946- First factory set up in Shyamnagar, West Bengal.
1947- Incorporated as Associated Battery Makers (Eastern) limited on 31st January under the
Companies Act Ltd. 1947 Incorporated Chloride International Limited (previously EXIDE Products
Limited)
1969- Second factory set up at Chinchwad, Pune.
1972- The name of the company was changed to Chloride India Ltd.
1976- R&D Centre establishes at Kolkata.
1981- Third Factory set up at Haldia, West Bengal.
1988-The name of the company was changed to Chloride Industries Ltd.
1994- Technical collaboration with Shin-Kobe Electric Machinary Co. Ltd. of Japan, a subsidiary of
the Hitachi Group.
1995- Chloride Industries Ltd. renamed as EXIDE Industries Ltd.
1997- Fourth factory at Hosur, Tamilnadu
1998- Acquisition of industrial/manufacturing units of Standard Batteries Ltd. located at
Maharashtra, Tamilnadu and plant at Maharashtra from Cosepa Fiscal Industries Ltd, as a going
concern
1999- Acquire 51% stake in Chloride Batteries S.E. Asia Pvt. Ltd. Singapore and 49% stake in
Associated Battery Manufacturers (ceylon) Ltd, Sri Lanka.
2003- Commissioned plant at Hariyana. New joint venture in UK, ESPEX, with 51% holding.
2004- Associated Battery Manufacturers (Ceylon) Ltd. Sri Lanka became a subsidiary consequent to
acquiring further 12.50% of Equity holding.
2005- Investment in 50% shareholding of ING Vysya Life Insurance Company Ltd.
2007- Caldyne Automatics Ltd. became 100% subsidiary consequent to acquire the balance 49%
shareholding.
2008- Acquired 51% stake in lead Alloys India Ltd.
COLLABORATIONS
Shin-Kobe Electric Machinery Ltd. (part of Hitachi Group), Japan for automotive and VRLA Batteries.
The Furukawa Battery Co. Ltd. japan, automotive batteries at Taloja factory
Oldham plc-For minersCap Lamp batteries
Automotive O.E. 85% (organized sector)
Industrial 50% and submarine 100%
WHAT IS BATTERY
Battery is a combination of cells, which can store electric energy in chemically activated material.
Battery cells can be classified as primary and secondary as explained below:
PRIMARY CELL: The cell store electrical energy can be used only once and cannot be regenerated i.e.
the active material cannot be replaced in dry cell.
SECONDARY CELL: The cell which can store electrical energy and can be used number of times by
recharging. I.e. the active material can be brought back to its activated or recharging state by putting in
electrical energy from external sources by putting in electrical energy from external sources after
discharging. Example of such cell is Lead- Acid Cell.
Dilute
PbSO4 PbSO4
H2SO4
AIM
Zero Failure
Zero Accident
Reduce set up and cost
Low maintenance cost
Reduce energy loss
Zero ejection
Continuous training program
Achieve 5s
Achieve 100%btergeted production
CORE VALUE
Fundamental axioms that organization believes in and people respect and work towards. Core
value also set the tone of the organizations culture. The core values of our organization are
given below:
Customer orientation
Personal integrity and commitment
Teamwork and mutual support
People development and involvement
Striving for excellence
Measurement by processes and facts responsible corporate citizenship
MANUFACTURING UNITS
With six factories spread across the country, EXIDEs range and scale of manufacturing operations
can be matched by very few companies in the world. Together, they produce an annual output of S
million Units in automobile batteries (including batteries for motor-cycle applications), and over 6oo
million Ampere-Hours of Industrial Power. Apart from the conventional Flooded Flat Plate batteries
for automotive application. EXIDE also produces industrial range of batteries, which included
Flooded-Flat plate, Flooded-Tubular plate, Flooded-Plant and Sealed Maintenance Free VRLA
batteries. Miners Cap Lump Batteries are also produced. EXIDE is the only producer of Submarine
batteries in India and one of the few in the world.
ENVIRONMENT CONCERN
The disposal of all battery components contribute to the pollution of the environment. Components
such as paper boards and carbon powder quickly merge into eco-system without noticeable impact as
they are relatively organic. Components such as steel, nickel and plastic decomposes slowly and add
to the volume of landfill as they are not actively toxic to the eco system. Cadmium, lead and mercury
are the heavy metal components which are toxic to plants, animals and humans. So battery
manufacturers have taken stapes to reduce the amount of toxic material in batteries or in recycling
the discharge batteries. As more energy is required for recycling so the technology has to be
improved for energy efficient and cost effective procedure. Secondary battery is more efficient and
cost effective then primary batteries. Manufacturing re designed nickel metal hydride, lithium ion and
rechargeable alkaline secondary batteries that contain only trace amount of cadmium, lead or
mercury.
Battery Manufacturing Process
GRID CASTING: Blended alloys of specified composition are machine cast into grids or
spines. This serves the conductive pathways for the currents to and from the activated material.
In case of the grids these also acts as a supporting framework for the active material. Blended
alloys are used for casting of positive and negative grids of automotive batteries, negative grids,
and flat positive grids and spin casting for industrial batteries. Wirtz Auto Casting Machine casts
automotive grids. Industrial and flat positive and negative grids are casted by EXIDE type 3A
auto grid casting machine. Molten alloy is pumped from melting pot in between two halves of
the grid mould. After the solidification the loose half of the mould opens and the grid is ejected.
The Grid drops on a conveyer belt, which carries the grid to the guillotine where it is trimmed to exact
size and stack on rails. The trimmed waste returns to the melting pot. The whole process
automatically synchronised for continuous operation. It is produced either by die casting machines or
in the YUASSA spin casting machine.
OPERATING PARAMETERS:
OPERATING TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS:
Lead pot temperature
Feed line temperature
Ladle temperature
Mould temperature
Cooling water temperature
OTHER OPERATING PARAMETERS:
Weight of grid
Thickness of grid
Cutting width
TESTING OF THE GRIDS:
Primary testing is done by followed ways and if the grid is not up to the standards it is rejected.
Crack on frame- If there is any crack on the frame it is rejected.
Flash on top frame- if there is flash on the top of the frame then it is rejected.
Short run- If there is vertical and horizontal short run , it is rejected.
Flash on lug- Flashing on lugs causes assembly and pasting problem, so it is not desired.
Feathering on wires.
Non filling by air entrapment.
GAUNTLET FORMATION UNIT: The spine covered with gauntlet
material which is used to hold the slurry while allowing passing the
water through its porous structure during the formation of positive
plates. Therefore are two types of gauntlet which are used here.
SLURRY MIXING PLANT: The slurry contain 3 silos, the silos are for
grey oxide storage and one silos for red oxide. There are 3 reservoir
tank, 1 mixing tank and 1 delivery tank. Six vacuum pumps are also
installed to pumps are also installed to pump the formed slurry
which it is used in slurry filling operation.
The recipe of the slurry is as follows,
RED OXDIDE 40%
DM WATER 34.37%
SULPHURIC ACID 3%
OXIDE MANUFACTURING: Grey oxide is manufactured in the reaction pot and m-40 oxide plans
in which 99.97% pure lead of international purity is used. In the reaction pot pure lead is melted in a
pot and then pumped into the reaction pot where it is churned by paddle in a current of air which
drives the fine oxide produced in the reaction pot into the Cyclone from which oxide drops onto the
drum or collected in a bunker. Final oxide is collected in a bag house.
DRYING: The formed pates are dried at elevated temperature either in the steam of hot air or in an
inert atmosphere. The former is mainly used for positive plates and sometimes for negative plates
with higher level of oxidation is called DRY-UNCHANGED PLATES (DUC). This needs further changing
before use. The latter is for producing fully charged plates called DRY-CHARGED (DC). These types of
plates can directly bring to use after assembling with positive plates.
PLATE PARTING & LUG CLEANING: The plates for automotive and for smaller individual types
are in twin combination and is called panel. They are broken up into pieces by parting process. Then
brushing cleans the lugs.
ASSEMBLY:
DESCRIPTION: The finished plates of each type positive or negative are assembled into groups by
fusing up their lugs to a common group bar and a vertical strap. The process is carried out either
manually in the jig operation or through the Cast On Strap Machine (COS M/C). Each positive plate is
separated from negative plates by non-conducting highly porous acid resistant materials called
envelopes and glass mat put across the entire exposed surface of the plates. The envelopes me
made of PVC, PE and glass mats are made of Micro-glass fibres. The elements so formed are inserted
into individual cell compartments of the battery. The battery is finally finished by heat sealing the lid
and the container body. Then finally after leakage testing with air pressure, each battery is givenn a
serial number and sent for jar formation.
STACKING:
Machine Used: ELBAK Stacking M/C
Procedure: Negative grids are wrapped in an envelope which prevents direct contact
between positive and negative plates (to prevent short circuit) and also allows flow of
electrolyte. A glass mat is inserted between successive positive and negative plates which
retain the electrolyte and facilitates the cell reaction.
The plates are stacked by alternative positive and negative plates into groups as per the
requirement .
Normal ratio: Number of negative plates greater than the number of positive plates.
Even ratio: Number of negative plates equal to the number of positive plates.
Reverse ratio: Number of positive plates greater than the number of negative plates.
CAST ON STRAP:
MACHINE USED: TBS COS M/C
DESCRIPTION:
The following operations are performed in cast on strap:
1) Manual Loading
2) Flux oil is applied on the lugs.
3) Casting of Straps
4) Automatic unloading of welded groups
The standard machine is equipped with the following items:
1) Rotary table with 4 working position and air operated up-down movement. The rotation
cycle and the up-down movements takes 5-6 seconds. The jig box fitted to table are selfadjusting
for groups of different thickness.
2) The loading station is fitted with a holed bench, connected to the dust exhausting
system.
3) Lead level control gauge on melting pot
4) Unloading station with bench having holed surface' connected to the dust exhausting
system.
5) One set of racks for groups of 23-56 mm in thickness.
6) Power control panel and programmable controller.
Process parameters:
Temperature related parameters:
Pot temperature
Feed line temperature
Elbow temperature
Moult temperature
Other parameters:
Pouring temperature
Holding time
MDX
Bypass time
Cooling time
BOXING:
Procedure: Boxing is done manually, m some cases (E.g. in automotive batteries) glue is
poured into the container using the bottom anchoring M/C. An operator manually puts the
stacked plates in each compartment of the container using proper polarity for inter-cell
welding.
SHORT CIRCUIT TESTING:
Procedure: Each cell is checked to see whether the negative and positive plates are coming
in contact or not. If this happens, a path is provided to the current so the battery Is rejected.
INTERCELL WELDING:
DESCRIPTION: Each cell is connected in series by welding the opposite terminal of successive
cells through the holes previously made in the inter-cell partitions. Work cycle is 18-30sec.
Welding is carried out by a high current pulse.
SHORT CIRCUIT TESTING:
HEAT SEALING:
Machine Used: Sovema Battery Lid heat sealing system.
Description: The machine comprises of a heating plate and a cover pickup system in three
possible different configuration according to the automation required. The hot plates are mounted
on a controlled electrically heated surface used for all batteries and the sealing equipment consist of
the jigs for different sizes which will be assembled in a pre-set position. All machine movement are
equipped with bearings to ensure durability and operating precision. All components are fitted on a
rugged frame which is enclosed by safety guards in operator access areas and a suction hood to
eliminate fumes caused by the melting of poly-propylene.
JAR FORMATION:
DESCRIPTION: In this case the batteries are assembled with cured and dried plates and
complete the charging process by filling up with electrolyte (chilled at 10-12C prior to filling)
and charging. This process of forming the plates in assembled batteries is called jar
formation.
INSPECTION LINE:
DESCRIPTION:
Electrolyte Levelling M/C: Batteries are filled with electrolyte before it is charged. After
charging, specific gravity of the electrolyte is checked Using hydrometer. The electrolyte
level is checked. If the level has fallen, top-up is done.
Air Pressure Testing M/C: It is used to check any leakage in the external or inter-cell walls of
the battery. The unit first checks cells 1,3,5 and subsequently cells 2,4,6 with compressed air
at 0.2-0.3 atm for a duration of 5 sec.
Vent plug and other accessories: Accessories like handle, magic eye, stickers etc. are fitted
along with vent plug.
Battery Wash M/C: The battery is cleaned and washed to remove any dirt.
High Rate Discharge (HRD) test M/C: The open circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery is
checked to ensure continuity among all the cells. A high current is drawn from the baitery in
very quick time to check for potential defects. For e.g. cracks in grids.
High Voltage Leakage (HVL) Testing M/C: Any leakage, so small which could not have been
detected during the air leakage test, can be detected. The battery is provided with an
extremely high external voltage and the body of the battery is earthed. An electrical arc is
set up and if any leakage exists, current (about 5 mA) flows out as loss and sensors detect
the failure and the battery is rejected.
140
139.5
139
138.5
138
137.5
137
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Jig no: 1 Positive side 139.08 139.12 139.028 139.1 139.16 139.064 139.1 139.044139.164 139.01
Jig no: 1 Negative side 140.04 140.082 140.14 140.1 140.04 140.08 140.18 140.06 140.142 140.18
Jig no: 2 Positive side 140.02 139.184 139.16 139.184139.162 139.08 139.068 139.1 139.2 139.014
Jig no: 2 Negative side 140.02 140.1 140.06 140.044140.054 140.08 140.16 140.18 140.138 140.02
Jig no: 3 Positive side 139.14 139.2 139.11 139.13 139.198 139.08 139.02 139.098 139.08 139.04
Jig no: 3 Negative side 140.2 140.2 140.198 140.04 140.14 140.2 140.022140.062140.084 140.08
Jig no: 4 Positive side 139.08 139.04 139.062138.082138.106 139.04 139.024139.046139.026 139.1
Jig no: 4 Negative side 140.1 140.14 140.19 140.16 140.04 140.12 140.122140.012 140.08 140.058
Jig no: 1 Positive side Jig no: 1 Negative side Jig no: 2 Positive side
Jig no: 2 Negative side Jig no: 3 Positive side Jig no: 3 Negative side
Jig no: 4 Positive side Jig no: 4 Negative side
Date : 16/06/2017. A shift
140.4
140.2
140
139.8
139.6
139.4
139.2
139
138.8
138.6
138.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Jig no: 1 Positive side 139.04 139.16 139.02 139.18 139.1 139.04 139.124139.048 139.14 139.014
Jig no: 1 Negative side 140.042 140.02 140.114140.144 140.08 140.04 140.188 140.06 140.12 140.184
Jig no: 2 Positive side 139.02 139.14 139.126139.164139.062139.048 139.2 139.14 139.2 139.014
Jig no: 2 Negative side 140.028140.104140.116 140.04 140.014140.088140.106140.148 140.18 140.12
Jig no: 3 Positive side 139.124 139.1 139.2 139.136 139.06 139.018139.022 139.08 139.18 139.06
Jig no: 3 Negative side 140.1 140.12 140.144140.042140.108 140.02 140.02 140.068140.022 140.16
Jig no: 4 Positive side 139.028139.044139.032139.182 139.06 139.048 139.2 139.02 139.02 139.1
Jig no: 4 Negative side 140.11 140.1 140.134 140.06 140.06 140.122 140.12 140.02 140.048 140.06
141
140.5
140
139.5
139
138.5
138
137.5
137
136.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Jig no: 1 Positive side 139 140.04139.02 140.1 139.1 140.02 141 140.04 140.1 141 140.1 140.12
Jig no: 1 Negative side 140.08 141 140 141 139.1 141.04 141 139.04 141 141 141 141
Jig no: 2 Positive side 139.02 141 139.12140.18139.04139.08139.16139.14140.18139.01
Jig no: 2 Negative side 140.02 140.1 139.12140.04139.01139.09140.18140.48140.12140.12
Jig no: 3 Positive side 139.08140.12139.02141.02139.02140.01138.02140.03139.18140.02 139.1 140.06
Jig no: 3 Negative side 139.18 140.1 139.12141.06139.11141.04138.14140.06140.12140.13 139.2 139.2
Jig no: 4 Positive side 140.02139.14140.12140.02139.16139.02141.02139.14 139.2 140
Jig no: 4 Negative side 139.01138.19140.16140.02140.14140.16140.02139.19140.02140.17
Jig no: 1 Positive side Jig no: 1 Negative side Jig no: 2 Positive side
Jig no: 2 Negative side Jig no: 3 Positive side Jig no: 3 Negative side
Jig no: 4 Positive side Jig no: 4 Negative side