THE INDIVIDUAL

PROCESSES AND BEHAVIOR

ALDANA, Caroline Joyce
TAMAYO, Joyelle Kristen
 SELF-CONCEPT

An individuals self-beliefs and self-evaluations

It is the Who am I? and How do I feel about myself? that
people ask themselves to guide their decisions and actions.
A persons way of perceiving himself and may be either
positive or negative
Part of self-concept is how a person thinks others see him.
Image a person has of himself or herself
 SELF-CONCEPT IS LEARNED
No person is born with a self-concept. Self-concept is
believed to develop as a person grows old. This means that
our perceptions towards ourselves can be shaped and can
be altered, and can also be affected buy environmental
factors.
Self-concept is actually a product of socialization and
development.
A person may have a perception of himself different from
what other people thinks of him.
 SELF-CONCEPT IS ORGANIZED
A person may have numerous views of himself. He may think
that he is kind, patient, loving and caring, or selfish, rude, and
stubborn. No matter how many different perceptions you have on
yourself, still, there is one perception that facilitates all of these
insights, causing one organized self-concept.
When a person believes something that is congruent to his self-
concept, it is more likely that he would resist changing that
belief. He tends to stick to his present view of himself for quite a
long time, and changing this perception of himself may take too
long, but change is feasible.
 SELF-CONCEPT IS DYNAMIC
As a person faces different situations and new challenges
in his life, his insight towards himself may constantly
change depending on the way he responds to such life
changes.
Self-concept is a continuous development wherein we tend
to let go of the things and ideas that are not congruent to
our selfconcept, and we hold on to those that we think
are helpful in building a more favorable perception of our
personal existence.
THE BIG-FIVE PERSONALITY
DIMENSIONS (OCEAN)
Construct Description The extent to which individuals tend to be
curious, intellectual, imaginative, creative, innovative, and
Openness
flexible (vs. closed-minded, shallow, and simple)
organized, responsible, dependable, neat, efficient, and
Conscientiousness achievement-oriented (vs. disorganized, lazy, irresponsible,
careless, and sloppy)
sociable, talkative, optimistic, ambitious, assertive, reward-
Extraversion seeking, outgoing, and energetic (vs. introverted, shy, reserved,
quiet, and unadventurous)

helpful, good-natured, cooperative, sympathetic, trusting, and

Agreeableness
forgiving (vs. rude, selfish, hostile, uncooperative, and unkind)

calm, self-confident, stable, resilient, and well-adjusted (vs.

Neuroticism
neurotic, nervous, insecure, fearful, and anxious)
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
AND COGNITIVE ABILITIES
 VERBAL-LINGUISTIC INTELLIGENCE

People with high verbal-linguistic intelligence display a

facility with words and languages. They are typically
good at reading, writing, telling stories and
memorizing words along with dates. Verbal ability is
one of the most g-loaded abilities.
 LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL
INTELLIGENCE
This area has to do with logic abstractions, reasoning,
numbers and critical thinking. This also has to do with
having the capacity to understand the underlying
principles of some kind of causal system. Logical
reasoning is closely linked to fluid intelligence and to
general intelligence.
 KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE
The core elements of the kinesthetic intelligence are control of
ones bodily motions and the capacity to handle objects skillfully.
Gardner elaborates to say that this also includes a sense of
timing, a clear sense of the goal of a physical action, along with
the ability to train responses.
People who have high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence include:
athletes, dancers, musicians, actors, builders, police officers,
and soldiers. Although these careers can be duplicated through
virtual simulation, they will not produce the actual physical
learning that is needed in this intelligence.
 VISUAL-SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE

This area deals with spatial judgement and the ability

to visualize with the minds eye. Spatial ability is one
of the three factors beneath g in the hierarchical
model of intelligence.
 MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE

This area has to do with sensitivity to sounds, rhythms,

tones, and music. People with a high musical intelligence
normally have god pitch and may even have absolute pitch,
and are able to sing, play musical instruments, and compose
music. They have sensitivity to rhythm, pitch, meter, tone,
melody or timbre.
 INTERPERSONAL INTELLIENCE
In theory, individuals who have high interpersonal intelligence are
characterized by their sensitivity to others moods, feelings,
temperaments, motivations, and their ability to cooperate in order to
work as part of a group.
Those with high interpersonal intelligence communicate effectively
and empathize easily with others, and may be either leaders or
followers. They often enjoy discussion and debate.
This include people like sales persons, politicians, managers,
teachers, lecturers, counselors, and social workers.
 INTRAPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE

This area has to do with introspective and self-

reflective capacities. This refers to having a deep
understanding of the self; what ones strengths or
weaknesses are; what makes one unique, being able
to predict ones own reactions or emotions.
 NATURALISTIC INTELLIGENCE

This area has to do with nurturing and relating information to

ones natural surroundings. Examples include classifying
natural forms such as animal and plant species and rocks
and mountain types. This ability was clearly of value in our
evolutionary past as hunters, gatherers, and farmers; it
continues to be central in such roles as botanist or chef.
 COGNITIVE ABILITIES

Cognitive abilities are brain-based skills we need to carry out

any task from the simplest to the most complex. They have
more to do with the mechanisms of how we learn,
remember, problem-sole, and pay attention, rather than with
any actual knowledge. Cognitive skills are supported by
specific neuronal networks.
 COGNITIVE ABILITY SKILLS INVOLVED

Perception Recognition and interpretation of sensory stimuli (smell, touch, hearing, etc.)

Ability to sustain concentration on a particular object, action, or, thought, and

Attention
ability to manage competing demands in our environment
Short term/working memory (limited storage) and long-term memory (unlimited
Memory
storage)

Motor Skills Ability to mobilize our muscles and bodies, and ability to manipulate objects

Language Skills allowing us to translate sounds into words and generate verbal output

Ability to process incoming visual stimuli, to understand spatial relationship

Virtual and Spatial Processing
between objects, and to visualize images and scenarios

Abilities that enable goal-oriented behavior Flexibility, Theory of mind,

Executive Functions Anticipation, Problem-solving, Decision making, Working memory, Emotional
self-regulation, Sequencing, Inhibition
SCHWARTZS VALUES
CIRMCUMFLEX
VALUE TYPES
This takes value from social status and prestige. The ability to control
Power others is important and power will be actively sought through
dominance of other and control over resources.
Value here comes from setting goals and then achieving them. The more
Achievement challenge, the greater the sense of achievement. When other have
achieved the same thing, status is reduced and greater goals are sought.

Hedonists simply enjoy themselves. They seek pleasure above all things
Hedonism
and may, according to the view of others, sink into debauchery.

The need for stimulation is close to hedonism, though the goal is slightly
different. Pleasure here comes more specifically from excitement and
Stimulation
thrills and a person with this driver is more likely to be found doing
extreme sports than propping up a bar.
Those who seek self-direction enjoy being independent and outside the
Self-direction control of others. They prefer freedom and may have particular creative
or artistic bent, which they seek to indulge whenever possible.
VALUE TYPES
The universalist seeks social justice and tolerance for all. They promote
Universalism peace and equality and find war anathema except perhaps in pursuit of
lasting peace.
Those who tend towards benevolence are very giving, seeking to help
Benevolence others and provide general welfare. They are the earth mothers who
nurture all.
The traditionalist respects that which has gone before, doing things
simply because they are customary. They are conservatives in the
Tradition
original sense, seeking to preserve the world order as is. Any change
makes them uncomfortable.
The person who values conformity seeks obedience to clear rules and
Conformity structures. They gain a sense of control through doing what they are
told and conforming to agreed laws and statutes.
Those who seek security seek health and safety to a greater degree
Security than other people. Though they may worry about the potential of
military force, they welcome the comfort that their existence brings.