Global Technology Trends in Solar PV Power :

R&D and Commercial

Dr. B. Bhargava

5th November, 2012

Solar Photovoltaic Energy
 Solar Cells : Technology Options
Crystalline Silicon solar cells
- Single, Multi, Ribbon

Thin Film solar cells

- Silicon, a-Si, m-Si, CdTe, CIGS

Concentrating solar cells

- Si, GaAs

Dye, Organic, nano materials & other emerging solar cells

Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: World
 HIGHEST SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES (WORLD)
TECHNOLOGY AREA EFF. GROUP
SQ. CM. %
Si SINGLE CRYSTAL 4.00 24.7 UNSW
Si MULTI CRYSTAL 1.00 20.3 FhG-ISE
a-Si SINGLE JUNCTION 1.00 12.7 SANYO
a-Si TRIPLE JUNCTION 0.27 13.5 USSC
a-Si/c-Si(nc-Si) 1.20 10.1 Kaneka
CdTe 1.00 17.3 First Solar
CIGS 1.00 19.6 NREL
Si FILMS 4.01 16.6 Stuttgart University
DYE 1.00 11.0 Sharp
Organic 1.0 10.0 Mitsubishi
GaAs (500 x) 0.4 40.7 SPECTROLAB
Si/GaAs (20 x) 0.4 42.8 Delaware Univ,
 Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: India

TECHNOLOGY AREA EFF. Group

SQ. CM. %
SINGLE CRYSTAL 64.00 19.7 CEL
MULTI CRYSTAL 100.00 16.8 Tata BP
a-Si SINGLE JUNCTION 1.00 12.0 IACS
a-Si MULTI JUNCTION 1.00 11.5 IACS
a-Si/c-Si(nc-Si) 1.00 9.0 IACS
CdTe 1.00 12.0 NPL
CIGS 0.41 13.0 IISC
Si FILMS 0.98 8.7 Jadavpur
Dye Sensitized 1.00 9.5 Amrita
Organic cells 1.00 6.2 NPL
 Crystalline Silicon Solar Module Efficiency

TYPICAL IN PRODUCTION

INTERNATIONAL INDIAN

SINGLE CRYSTAL 15 20.4 % 14 17 %

MULTI CRYSTAL 13 16% 13 16%

 World PV Production Growth

GW
World PV Market and Production: 2011
World Top 10 PV Manufacturers: 2011

LDK 3

Sharp 2.8

Suntech 2.4

First Solar 2.3

JA Solar 2.2
GW
Canadian 2

Trina 1.9

Yangli 1.7

Hanwah 1.5

Jinko 1.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

World: 2011 PV Equipment Suppliers
World Top 10 PV Plants: 2011

Location Capacity MWp Technology

Perovo. Ukraine 100 c-si
Sarnia, Canada 92 CdTe
Montalto di Castro, Italy 84 c-Si
Finsterwalde, Germany 83 c-Si
Ohotnikovo, Ukraine 80 c-Si
Senftenberg, Germany 78 c-Si
Lieberose, Germany 71 CdTe
Rovigo, Italy 70 c-Si

Olmedilla de Alarcn, Spain 60 c-Si

Boulder City, USA 55 CdTe
Major PV Markets : 2010 & 2011
Solar for India
Most parts of India receive
good solar radiation 4- 7
kWh/sq. m/day
Possible to meet growing
energy demands and cover
deficit areas
Can substantially reduce
consumption of kerosene and
diesel for lighting and power
generation
Provide access and
empowerment at grass root
level
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is one of the
major global initiatives in promotion of solar energy
technologies, announced by the Government of India
under National Action Plan on Climate Change.
Mission aims to achieve grid tariff parity by 2022
through
- Large scale utilization and rapid diffusion and
deployment of solar technologies across the country
at a scale which leads to cost reduction
- R&D
- Local manufacturing and support infrastructure

15
JNNSM Road Map
Application segment Target for Cumulative Cumulative
Phase I Target for Target for
(2010-13) Phase 2 Phase 3
(2013-17) (2017-22)
Grid solar power 1,000 MW 4,000 MW 20,000 MW
incl. roof top & 10,000 MW
distribution grid 100 MW
connected plants
Off-grid solar 200 MW 1,000 MW 2,000 MW
applications

Solar collectors 7 million 15 million 20 million sq

sq sq meters
meters meters

16
JNNSM Strategy
Graduated deployment to nucleate critical mass till costs come down
and thereafter rapid scale up

Consultative process to finalize the guidelines

Enabling policy and regulatory frame work

Supporting Utility scale power generation

Expanding off-grid applications

Accelerating Research and Development

Enhancing Domestic manufacturing base

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Fiscal Incentives

100% Foreign Direct Investment

Zero Customs & Excise Duties on solar cells, modules and
many raw materials and grid power projects
5% Customs and Excise duty on many other raw materials,
components
Tax - holiday for (i) setting up units in backward and
specified areas; and (ii) grid power projects
80% accelerated depreciation in the first year for certain
capital investments
Grant for carrying out research and development and
technology validation projects
Growth in Indian PV Production

700
Solar PV 600
600
Production in MW

Cell Module
500

400
320
300
300
240 240
200 175
135
110
100 65 80
20 20 22 23 25 36 32 45 37 45
0
2001-02 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10
2002-03 2004-05 2006-07 2008-09 2010-11
Year
Indian PV Industry
More than 80 companies, with installed capacity of over 1.8
GW make PV modules (As of March, 2012)

- 15 companies manufacture solar cells (> 700 MW installed

capacity)

Manufacturing of various raw materials, components,

devices and systems is coming up/expanding (Poly silicon,
wafers, glass, EVA, back sheet, grid inverters, off-grid
BoS, structures etc.)

Production capacity of 3-5 GWp likely by 2020

20
 Status of PV in India
Pumps
14
Lights Off grid Plants
90 62

Int Projects
1000

Grid Plants
1044

Others Railways
270 55
Telecom
65

2600 MW : 53,00,000 SYSTEMS

30/09/2012
Grid Solar PV Power Plants in India

1044 MW capacity new Grid Solar Power projects

commissioned by September,
Karnataka
2012 in 16 States
14
T. N.
15
Jharkhand
16
Maharashtra Others
80
20
A. P.
22

Rajasthan
199
Gujarat
680

22
PV Capital Cost & CERC Tariff Trends
 Proposed Cost Goal for PV : 2017

PV Module : < Rs. 30 per Wp

BoS : < Rs. 25 per Wp

Cost of Electricity : ~ Rs. 4 - 6 per kWh

24
Projection for Grid Parity in India
R&D Strategy
Research at Academic/ Research Institutions on materials and
devices with long-term perspective

Applied Research on existing processes and developing new

technologies

Technology Validation aimed at field evaluation of materials,

components and systems

Development of Centers of Excellence on different aspects of

Solar Energy in research and education & Testing and
Characterization

Support for Incubation and Innovation

International collaborations institutional/industrial

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R&D in PV
- Focus on development of materials, devices and BOS including
storage materials and methods
- Identify research goals and thrust areas of research
- Support research across the entire value chain
- Involve industry in research and technology validation projects
- The outcome of the research should lead to (i) improvements in the
efficiencies, (ii) reduction in the material and energy consumption
in manufacturing, (iii) improving the reliability, quality and life
expectancy of the balance of system components.
This will lead to achieving grid tariff parity during 2015 - 2017
 Recent Initiatives in PV R&D
Development of poly silicon material (Maharishi Solar)
20 -22% efficiency single crystal silicon cells (IIT-Mumbai)
10 12% efficiency nano crystalline thin film modules
(IACS-Kolkata, HHV-Bangalore, NPL-New Delhi, BES
University,-Howrah)
12- 15% efficiency CIGS cells (Moser Baer. NPL, KIIT
University)
10- 12 % efficiency Dye sensitized cells (Amrita Nano Centre,
IIT-Kanpur)
6% efficiency organic-inorganic hetero junction cells (IIT-
Delhi, Delhi University)
 Recent Initiatives in PV R&D
Long term performance evaluation and training facility for Grid
Solar PV Power at KPCL, Bangalore

Long term performance evaluation and testing of solar lights at TERI

University, New Delhi

Long term performance evaluation of PV modules at SEC

Development of batteries (CECRI-SEC)

Development of inverters (IIT-B, BES University)

Solar Energy Centre
Solar Energy Centre (SEC) near New Delhi under the Ministry is the lead
Centre for testing and training in solar energy in the country

SEC has NABL accredited testing facilities for PV module qualification as

per Indian and International standards

SEC is imparting training in solar energy at various levels

SEC is regularly conducting international training programmes in solar

energy

Demonstration of several solar PV and thermal applications including

setting up of 1 MW capacity solar thermal simulation and validation
facility at SEC is under progress

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Solar PV outdoor test bed at SEC
Type of Solar cell Present Status Conversion efficiency target(%)
Production 2012 2017 2022
(R&D)

Single Crystal 15 17% 18 (20) 22(24) 24 (26)

silicon solar cell (19.7%)
Multi Crystal 14.5 16.5% 17 20(22) 22 (24)
silicon solar cell (16.8%)
Thin-film a-Si 5 7% 8 (13) 10 (14) 12 (15)
solar cell (9 12%)
(Single/multi jn)
Thin-film a- (11%) 9(12) 13 (16) 16 (20)
Si/mc Si or nc
tandem solar cell
Polycrystalline Cd Te (12%) 13 (16) 18 (22)
solar cell CIGS (13%) (15) 15(20) 20(25)
Type of Solar cell Present Status Conversion efficiency target(%)
Production 2012 2017 2022
(R&D)

Dye/ organic (3-9.5%) (5 -12) 7-9 (15) 12-15 (20)

nano based solar
cell
Multi junction -- 35(40) 40 (43)
Conc solar cell
GaAS group
Conc Cells Si - 25 (28) 27 (30)

Module Life 25 25 > 30 > 35

in years
Conclusions
Indian policies have created investment
friendly environment in the country for entire
range of activities announced under the Mission
India centric R&D and local manufacturing
necessary to reduce the cost to achieve grid
parity preferably by 2015-17
Partnerships necessary with global
stakeholders
India to be a major global player in PV
technology
 Thank You

bhargavabh@gmail.com