Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1
555 Timer
Introduction:
The 555 Timer is one of the most popular and versatile
integrated circuits ever produced!
Signetics Corporation first introduced this device as the
SE/NE 555 in early 1970.
It is a combination of digital and analog circuits.
It is known as the time machine as it performs a wide
variety of timing tasks.
Applications for the 555 Timer include:
Ramp and Square wave generator
Frequency dividers
Voltage-controlled oscillators
Pulse generators and LED flashers 2
555 timer- Pin Diagram
The 555 timer is an 8-Pin D.I.L. Integrated Circuit or chip
Notch
Pin 1
3
555 timer- Pin Description
Pin Name Purpose
1 GND Ground, low level (0 V)
2 TRIG OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 VCC.
5 CTRL "Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).
6 THR The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.
S
-
Q
Trigger
Discharge
10
555 Timer operating modes
The 555 has three operating modes:
1. Monostable Multivibrator
2.Astable Multivibrator
3. Bistable Multivibratior
11
555 Timer as Monostable Multivibrator
Description:
In the standby state, FF holds
transistor Q1 ON, thus
clamping the external timing
capacitor C to ground. The
output remains at ground
potential. i.e. Low.
As the trigger passes through VCC/3, the FF is set, i.e. Q bar=0, then
the transistor Q1 OFF and the short circuit across the timing
12
capacitor C is released. As Q bar is low , output goes HIGH.
555 Timer as Monostable Multivibrator
15
Uses of the Monostable Multivibrator
16
Monostable Multivibrator
Problem:
In the monostable multivibrator of fig, R=100k
and the time delay T=100ms. Calculate the value of C ?
Solution:
T=1.1RC
T 100 x103
C 3
0.9F
1.1R 1.1x100 x10
17
Applications in Monostable Mode
18
1.Missing Pulse Detector
20
2.Linear Ramp Generator
Capacitor voltage
at pin 6
21
Linear Ramp Generator- Description
Analysis:
Applying KVL around base-emitter loop of Q3
R1
V V I R ( I I ) R ( I I ) R (1 ) I R I R I R i R
R1 R2
CC BE E E C B E B B E B E B E C E E
( I C i )
Q3 ( ) ( )
i RE R1V CC V BE R1 R2 i R1V CC V BE R1 R2
i Ic R1 R2 RE ( R1 R2)
Voltage Capacitor,
1t 1 t R1V CC V BE ( R1 R2) 1 ( )
vc C idt C { }dt { R1V CC V BE R1 R2 }t
0 0 RE ( R1 R2) C RE ( R1 R2)
When v becomes 23 V at T,
c CC
2
2 R1V CC V BE ( R1 R2) T V CC CRE ( R1 R2)
V T 3
CRE ( R1 R2) R1V CC V BE ( R1 R2)
CC
3
22
3.Frequency Divider
Description:
A continuously triggered
monostable circuit when triggered by a
square wave generator can be used as a
frequency divider, if the timing interval is
adjusted to be longer than the period of the
triggering square wave input signal.
The monostable multivibrator will
be triggered by the first negative going edge
of the square wave input but the output will
Fig: Diagram of Frequency Divider remain HIGH(because of greater timing
24
Pulse Width Modulation- Description
The charging time of capacitor is entirely depend upon 2Vcc/3.
When capacitor voltage just reaches about 2Vcc/3 output of the timer
is coming from HIGH to Low level.
We can control this charging time of the capacitor by adding
continuously varying signal at the pin-5 of the 555 timer which is
denoted as control voltage point. Now each time the capacitor voltage
is compared control voltage according to the o/p pulse width change.
So o/p pulse width is changing according to the signal applied to
control voltage point. So the output is pulse width modulated form.
25
Pulse Width Modulation
Practical Representation
26
Astable Multivibrator
R1
VA
A1 A1
V1 Vo
R2
V2 A2 A2
VC VT
R3
Q1
RA RB
VC(t)
VCC
31
Operation of a 555 Astable
Continued
2) Once VC VTH
a) R=HIGH, S=LOW, Q = HIGH ,Q1 ON, VOUT = 0
b) Capacitor is now discharging through RB and Q1 to
ground.
c) Meanwhile at FF, R=LOW & S=LOW since
VC < VTH.
RB
VC(t)
Q1
32
Operation of a 555 Astable
Continued..
3) Once VC < VTL
a) R=LOW, S=HIGH, Q= LOW , Q1 OFF, VOUT = VCC
b) Capacitor is now charging through RA & RB again.
RA RB
VC(t)
VCC
33
Timing Diagram of a 555 Astable
VC(t) 1 2 3
VTH
VTL
t
VOUT(t) TL TH
t
t = 0 t = 0'
34
Astable Multivibrator- Analysis
The capacitor voltage for a low pass RC circuit subjected to a step input of Vcc volts is
given by, t
v V (1 e )
c CC
RC
2
The time t1 taken by the circuit to change from 0 to 2Vcc/3 is, VC 3
V CC
2V CC t1
V CC (1 e RC) t1 1.09RC
3 1
The time t2 to charge from 0 to vcc/3 is V 3V
C CC
V (1 t 2 ) 0.405RC
CC
3
V eCC t RC
2
So the time to change from Vcc/3 to 2Vcc/3 is, t HIGH t1 t 2 1.09 RC 0.405RC 0.69 RC
So, for the given circuit, t HIGH 0.69( R A RB )C Charging time
The output is low while the capacitor discharges from 2Vcc/3 to Vcc/3 and the
voltage across the capacitor is given by,
V CC 2 t
3 3
V CC e
RC
Contd. 35
Astable Multivibrator- Analysis
After solving, we get, t=0.69RC
For the given circuit, 0.69 R B C Discharging time
t LOW
Both RA and RB are in the charge path, but only RB is in the discharge path.
The total time period,
T t HIGH t LOW 0.69 ( R A RB)C 0.69 RB C
1 1 1.45
Frequency, f .1.45 is Error Constant
T 0.69 ( R A 2 RB )C ( R A 2 RB )C
Duty Cycle,
0.69 ( R A RB )C ( RB )
% D t HIGH X 100 X 100 R A X 100
T 0.69 ( R A 2 RB )C ( R A 2 RB )
0.69 RB C
% D t LOW X 100 X 100 RB X 100
T 0.69 ( R A 2 RB )C ( R A 2 RB )
36
Behavior of the Astable Multivibrator
The astable multivibrator is simply an oscillator. The
astable multivibrator generates a continuous stream of
rectangular off-on pulses that switch between two
voltage levels.
The frequency of the pulses and their duty cycle are
dependent upon the RC network values.
The capacitor C charges through the series resistors RA
and RB with a time constant (RA + RB)C.
The capacitor discharges through RB with a time
constant of RBC
37
Uses of the Astable Multivibrator
Flashing LEDs
Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse Position Modulation
Periodic Timers
Uses include LEDs, pulse generation, logic
clocks, security alarms and so on.
38
Applications in Astable Mode
1.Square Generator
2.FSK Generator
3.Pulse Position Modulator
39
1.Square Generator
( R1 R )
3
10F DutyCycle 2
X 100 50%
( R1 2R ) 2
Here R1 0
C1
Fig: Square Wave Generator
40
2. FSK Generator
Description:
In digital data communication,
binary code is transmitted by
shifting a carrier frequency
between two preset
frequencies. This type of
Fig: FSK Generator
transmission is called Frequency
Shift Keying (FSK) technique.
Contd.. 41
FSK Generator
A 555 timer is astable mode can be used to generate FSK signal.
When input digital data is HIGH, T1 is OFF & 555 timer works as
normal astable multivibrator.
42
2. Pulse Position Modulator
Description:
The pulse position modulator can be
constructed by applying a modulating
signal to pin 5 of a 555 timer connected
for astable operation.
The output pulse position varies with
Fig (a): Pulse position Modulator
the modulating signal, since the
threshold voltage and hence the time
delay is varied.
The output waveform that the
frequency is varying leading to pulse
Fig (b): Output Wave Form of PPM 43
position modulation.
Astable Multivibrator
Problem:
In the astable multivibrator of fig, RA=2.2K, RB=3.9K and C=0.1F. Determine
the positive pulse width tH, negative pulse width tLow, and free-running frequency fo.
Solution:
t HIGH
0.69(
R A RB )C 0.69( 2.2 K 3.9 K)(0.1X 10
6
) 0.421ms
1 1.45
fo ?
T ( R A 2 RB )C Duty Cycle,
( RB ) 2.2 K 3.9
% D t HIGH X 100 R A X 100 X 100 ?
T ( R A 2 RB ) 2.2 K 2 X 3.9 K
3.9
% D t LOW X 100 RB X 100 X 100 ?
T ( R A 2 RB ) 2.2 K 2 X 3.9 K
44
Example: Design a 555 Oscillator to produce an approximate
square-wave at 40 KHz. Let C > 470 pF.
48
Features of IC 555 Timer
4. The NE 555( signetics ) can operate with a supply
voltage in the range of 4.5v to 18v and output currents of
200mA.
5. It has a very high temperature stability, as it is
designed to operate in the temperature range of -55c to
125oc.
6. Its output is compatible with TTL, CMOS and Op-
Amp circuits.
49
PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
PLL
50
PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS- Introduction
The phase-locked loop is a negative feedback system in
which the frequency of an internal oscillator (vco) is
matched to the frequency of an external waveform with
some Pre-defined phase difference.
55
PLL CAPTURE RANGE
CAPTURE RANGE:
Capture range is defined as the band of frequencies in the vicinity
of fo where the pll can establish or acquire lock with an input range
(also called the acquisition range).
Capture range is a function of the BW of the lpf ( lpf BW capture
range).
Capture range is between 1.1 and 1.7 times the natural frequency
of the vco.
57
PLL LOCK/CAPTURE RANGE
59
PLL OPERATION-Putting All Together
f
Ko
v
f
Vd Ko
Kd Vout
e f
Vd Kd e Vout Kf KaVd OPEN-LOOP GAIN: Vout
Vout
KL Kd Kf Ka Ko Ko
Vd Vd
e f Vout Ko
Kd Kf Ka
f fin fn 60
PLL OPERATION
Kf Ka
Kd
Ko
Vd max e max Kd Kd HOLD-IN RANGE
2
f max Kd Kf Ka Ko KL
2 2
Lock Range 2f max KL 61
PLL 565 Pin Configuration
62
PLL- Example
Problem:
fn = 200 kHz, fi = 210 kHz, Kd = 0.2 V/rad, Kf = 1, Ka = 5, Ko = 20 kHz/V
Solution:
PLL OPEN-LOOP GAIN:
Contd.. 63
PLL-Example
PHASE DETECTOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE:
Vout .5
Vd .1 V
Kf Ka 1(5)
STATIC PHASE ERROR:
Vd .1 V
e .5 rad 28.65
Kd .2 V / rad
HOLD-IN RANGE:
f max KL 31.4 kHz
2
LOCK RANGE:
Lock Range 2f max 62.8 kHz
64
Salient Features of 565 PLL
1. Operating frequency range =0.01Hz to 500KHz
2. Operating voltage range = 6v to 12v
3. Input level required for tracking:
10mv rms min to 3v peak to peak max
4. Input impedance = 10k typically.
5. Output sink current : 1mA typically.
6. Output source current: 10mA typically
7. Drift in VCO Centre frequency: 300 PPM/ c
8. Drift in VCO Centre frequency with supply voltage: 1.5
percent/Vmax
9. Triangle wave amplitude: 2.4 Vpp at 6v supply voltage.
10. Square wave amplitude: 5.4 Vpp at 6v supply voltage.
11. Bandwidth adjustment range: < 1 to 60%
65
PLL APPLICATIONS
Analog and digital modulation
Am modulation / demodulation
Fm modulation / demodulation
Frequency synthesis
Frequency generation
66
PLL APPLICATIONS
1.FM Demodulator:
2.FM Modulator:
67
Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
69
VCO Analysis
Contd.. 70
VCO Analysis
71
Features of VCO
72
Applications of VCO
The various applications of VCO are:
1. Frequency Modulation.
2. Signal Generation (Triangular or Square Wave)
3. Function Generation.
4. Frequency Shift Keying i.e. FSK demodulator.
5. In frequency multipliers.
6. Tone Generation.
73
VCO
Contd. 74
VCO
75
Thank You
76