NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CALICUT

SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE
AR4051 DISASTER MANAGEMENT & EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS

GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

AR SINDHUJA KASTHALA LAKSHMI RAVI CHANDU KOLUSU
B130397AR
INTRODUCTION

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December

with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.19.3 and a maximum Mercalli
intensity of IX (Violent).
The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate
was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis
along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean.
It cause a killing of 230,000280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal
communities with waves up to 30 metres high.
It was one of the deadliest natural disaster recorded in history.
Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
INTRODUCTION

It is the third largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph and had

the longest duration of faulting ever observed between 8.3 and 10 minutes.
It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 centimetre (0.4
inches) and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska.
Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Indonesia.
The resulting tsunami was given various names, including the 2004 Indian
Ocean tsunami, South Asian tsunami, Indonesian tsunami, the Christmas
tsunami and the Boxing Day tsunami.
FORESHOCK:

The 2002 Sumatra

earthquake occurred at 01:26 UTC on
2 November.
It had a magnitude of 7.3 on
the moment magnitude scale with
an epicentre just north
of Simulue island and caused three
deaths.
This earthquake is regarded as
a foreshock of the 2004 Sumatra
earthquake, which had an epicentre
about 60 km to the northwest.
TECTONIC PLATES:

INTERSEISMIC:
India subducts beneath
Burma microplate
at about 50 mm/yr.

Fault interface is
locked.

EARTHQUAKE
(COSEISMIC):
Fault interface slips,
overriding plate
rebounds, releasing
accumulated motion.
TECTONIC PLATES:
26th December 2004 00h 58min 51s N
UT

Western COAST OF NORTHERN

SUMATRA

Epicentre
latitude : 3.298
longitude : 95.778

Magnitude = 9.2

3rd largest Earthquake since ever

recorded on a seismograph.
Seismograms of the day: Global Seismic
Displacement Wavefield, December 26,
2004.
AFTERSHOCKS & OTHER EARTHQUAKES

Numerous aftershocks were reported off the Andaman and Nicobar

islands and the region of the original epicentre in the hours and days
that followed.
The magnitude 8.7 2005 Nias Simulue earthquake, which originated
off the coast of the Sumatran island of Nias, is not considered an
aftershock, despite its proximity to the epicentre, and was most
likely triggered by stress changes associated with the 2004 event.
This earthquake was so large that it produced its own aftershocks
(some registering a magnitude of as great as 6.1) and presently ranks
as the 7th largest earthquake on record since 1900.
AFTERSHOCKS & OTHER EARTHQUAKES

Other aftershocks of up to magnitude 6.6

continued to shake the region daily for
up to three or four months.
As well as continuing aftershocks, the
energy released by the original
earthquake continued to make its
presence felt well after the event.
A week after the earthquake, its
reverberations could still be measured,
providing valuable scientific data about
the Earth's interior.
ENERGY RELEASED

The energy released on the Earth's surface only (ME, which is the seismic
potential for damage) by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
was estimated at 1.11017 joules or 26 megatons of TNT.
This energy is equivalent to over 1,500 times that of the Hiroshima atomic
bomb, but less than that of Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever
detonated.
However, the total work done MW (and thus energy) by this quake was
4.01022 joules (4.01029 ergs), the vast majority underground.
This is over 360,000 times more than its ME, equivalent to 9,600 giga tons
of TNT equivalent (550 million times that of Hiroshima) or about 370 years
of energy use in United States.
TSUNAMI

All along the rupture the seafloor

was shunted vertically by about 10
meters.

This movement displaced the

overlying water, generating a
massive tsunami, or tidal wave.

The wave then fanned out across

the Indian Ocean at enormous
speed.
 TSUNAMI

The tsunami, like all others, behaved very differently in deep water
than in shallow water.
In deep ocean water, tsunami waves form only a small hump,
barely noticeable and harmless, which generally travels at a very
high speed of 500 to 1,000 km/h (310 to 620 mph).
In shallow water near coastlines, a tsunami slows down to only
tens of kilometres per hour but, in doing so, forms large
destructive waves.
Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that
the wave reached a height of 24 metres (80 ft) when coming
ashore along large stretches of the coastline, rising to 30 metres
(100 ft) in some areas when traveling inland.
Scale showing size of tsunami
waves that hit Indonesia
TSUNAMI
IN DEEP OCEAN tsunami has long wavelength, travels fast,
small amplitude - doesnt affect ships.

AS IT APPROACHES SHORE, it slows. Since energy is conserved,

amplitude builds up - very damaging.
 TSUNAMI

Animation of tsunami
caused by the earthquake
showing how it radiated
from the entire length of
the 1,600 km (990 mi)
rupture.
 Damage map of Banda Aceh city showing the impact of tsunamis wave
fronts from two directions. The numerals indicate the tsunami elevation in
meters near the beach (white) and flow depth inland (black).
BEFORE AFTER

Banda Aceh City,

Sumarta
 A three story house damaged by the tsunami showing
the tsunami inundation height in downtown Banda
Aceh.
THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:

Scale of devastation
Thousands are reported to have been killed,
but there has been little news from the
worst-hit areas where all transport and
communication links were destroyed.
THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:

Low lying coastal areas were

left obliterated and flooded
as here in Aceh province in
Sumatra, Indonesia.
Current reports indicate that
the north and west coasts of
Sumatra have experienced
the worst destruction.
Low lying areas have been
left flooded with seawater
which quickly becomes
contaminated with sewage
and decomposing bodies.
THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:

In Aceh, Indonesia, so many doctors have been killed that there are
few trained medical workers to assist the injured.
THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:

Increasing numbers of
homeless people needing
shelter, food and water.
Clean drinking water is
required to avoid the spread of
disease.
PROBLEMS FACED

In all affected areas survivors are hungry as food supplies run out.
The threat of disease increases.
Medicines are needed desperately.
In some areas relief supplies are piling up.
Disruption of communications means that emergency supplies
cannot be distributed efficiently.
Co-ordination of relief efforts from throughout the world is
proving to be a major challenge.
Four days after the tsunami many of the worst affected areas
cannot be reached.
EVACUATION

The evacuation of foreign tourists from the beach resorts

begins.
Other survivors, such as these women and children from
the Nicobar Islands, leave to a more uncertain future.
Relief efforts, which have been slow to start, gather pace as
the enormity of the disaster begins to be appreciated.
Effects on other countries

Whole villages were flattened as here in Sri Lanka

 Scenes which were repeated across the Indian Ocean

Sri Lanka Phuket, Thailand

 Millions of people have been left homeless

Cuddalore, south of Madras, India Penang, Malaysia

Thankyou