Digital Mapping

Principles
> Modelling of the Earth (1)
Z

The Earth is not a sphere

> Modelling of the Earth (2)

Possible approximation

Possible
Approximation

The Earth can be modelled with ellipsoids

> Ellipsoids and DATUM

b
b

01 a
T
a
02

WGS-84 a = 6 378 137.0 m

Clarke 1880 a = 6 378 206.0 m
> Standard Projections

Plane Projection

Cylindrical Projection
Conical Projection
> Projections : domain of validity

+ Approximation
-
T
acceptable

For each 1 coordinates system

studied area (datum + projection + ellipsoid)
> UTM Projections (1)

+ Approximation
-
T
acceptable
> UTM Projections (2)

Reasonably good
approximation
+

-
T
> Lambertian Projections

I North

II Centre
+ Approximation
-
T
acceptable
III South

Corsica

IV
> Common coordinates systems

France : Lambert I, II, III, IV, and II extended

Germany : Gauss-Kruger / Bessel / Datum Rauenberg / 3 zones
UK : Gauss-Kruger / Airy 1830 / OSGRS80
Italy : Gauss-Kruger / Hayford / IGM1983 / 6 zones
Belgium : Belgium Lambert/ International / ED50

World : UTM / multiple ellipsoids / 6 zones

UTN : UTM North / UTS : UTM South
> Introduction to ICS MAP SERVER / Matrix (RASTER)
Matrices RASTER

Upper Left Corner (ULC)

(Xo,Yo)
STEP
CM

...

Nb. Pt. Y
M(XM,YM) RM

Nb. Pt. X
XM = Xo + CM x STEP
YM = Yo - RM x STEP
> Accuracy and Sampling

Vector Raster
Step
Accuracy

A
Sampling A

B B

Final accuracy
=

Vectors accuracy + Rasters accuracy