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SEM 1 (2013/2014)
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MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
Moving boundary work (P dV work): Quasi-equilibrium process:
The expansion and compression work A process during which the system
in a piston-cylinder device. remains nearly in equilibrium at all
times.
Wb is positive for expansion
Wb is negative for compression
When n = 1
Constant temp. process (isothermal )
Schematic and
P-V diagram for
a polytropic
process. 4
Boundary Work for a Constant-Volume Process
Wb= 0 kJ
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Boundary Work for a Constant-Pressure Process
Wb= 122 kJ
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Home Task
Please try the following examples:
EXAMPLE 4-3
EXAMPLE 4-4
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Energy balance for a constant-pressure
expansion or compression process
General analysis for a closed system For a constant-pressure
undergoing a quasi-equilibrium expansion or compression
U Wb H
constant-pressure process. Q is to the process:
system and W is from the system.
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SPECIFIC HEATS
Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The
energy required to raise the temperature of
the unit mass of a substance by one degree
as the volume is maintained constant.
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The
energy required to raise the temperature of
the unit mass of a substance by one degree
as the pressure is maintained constant.
True or False?
cp is always greater than cv
Constant-
volume and
constant-
pressure specific
heats cv and cp
(values are for
helium gas). 9
The equations in the figure are valid for
any substance undergoing any process.
cv and cp are properties.
cv is related to the changes in internal
energy and cp to the changes in
enthalpy.
Formal definitions of cv and cp.
A common unit for specific heats is
kJ/kgC or kJ/kgK. Are these units
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identical?
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES
Joule showed
Internal energy and
using this For ideal gases,
enthalpy change of
experimental u, h, cv, and cp
an ideal gas
apparatus that vary with
u=u(T) temperature only.
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At low pressures, all real gases approach u and h data for a number of
ideal-gas behavior, and therefore their gases have been tabulated.
specific heats depend on temperature only. These tables are obtained by
The specific heats of real gases at low choosing an arbitrary reference
pressures are called ideal-gas specific point and performing the
heats, or zero-pressure specific heats, and integrations by treating state 1
are often denoted cp0 and cv0. as the reference state.
Ideal-gas
constant-
pressure
specific heats
for some gases In the preparation of ideal-gas
(see Table A tables, 0 K is chosen as the
2c for cp reference temperature.
equations). 12
Internal energy and enthalpy change
when specific heat is taken constant
at an average value
(kJ/kg)
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Three ways of calculating u and h
1. By using the tabulated u and h data.
This is the easiest and most
accurate way when tables are readily
available.
2. By using the cv or cp relations (Table
A-2c) as a function of temperature
and performing the integrations. This
is very inconvenient for hand
calculations but quite desirable for
computerized calculations. The
results obtained are very accurate.
3. By using average specific heats. This
is very simple and certainly very
convenient when property tables are Three ways of calculating u.
not available. The results obtained are
reasonably accurate if the
temperature interval is not very large.
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Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
The relationship between cp, cv and R
Specific
heat ratio
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Heating of a Gas in a Tank by Stirring
(a) T2 = 39.4C
(b) P2 = 364 kPa
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Heating of a Gas at Constant Pressure
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Home Task
Please try the following examples:
EXAMPLE 4-9
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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Incompressible substance: A substance whose specific volume (or
density) is constant. Solids and liquids are incompressible substances.
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Internal Energy Changes
Enthalpy Changes
The enthalpy of a
compressed liquid
Usually a more accurate relation than 21
Cooling of an Iron Block by Water
T2 = 25.6C
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Heating of Aluminum Rods in a Furnace
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Home Task
Please try the following examples:
EXAMPLE 4-11
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Summary
Moving boundary work
Wb for an isothermal process
Wb for a constant-pressure process
Wb for a polytropic process
Specific heats
Constant-pressure specific heat, cp
Constant-volume specific heat, cv
Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of
ideal gases
Specific heat relations of ideal gases
Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of
incompressible substances (solids and liquids)
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THANK YOU..
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