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OPERATION EMERGENCY
QUARTERLY PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
TRAINING CHECKS
REGISTRATION
Registration documents
Training Records
Maintenance records
Inspection Results
Compentency
Identification of the radiation hazards associated with the operation
of your equipment.
Wire Filament
Filter
Power
INTENTIONAL
An intentional x-ray device is designed to generate an x-ray beam
for a particular use. Intentional x-rays are typically housed within
a fixed, interlocked and/or shielded enclosure or room. Examples
include x-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis systems, flash
x-ray systems, medical x-ray machines, and industrial cabinet and
non-cabinet x-ray installations.
INCIDENTAL
An incidental x-ray device produces x-rays that are not wanted or
used as a part of the designed purpose of the machine.
Examples of incidental systems are computer monitors,
televisions, electron microscopes, high-voltage electron guns,
electron-beam welding machines, and electrostatic separators.
Intentional Analytical X-Ray Devices
The dose rate from tube leakage at 2 inches (5 cm) from the
surface of the tube housing must not exceed 25 mR per hour
during normal operation.
The maximum x-ray dose shall not exceed 0.5 mR in any one
hour measures at 2 inches ( 5 cm) from any readily accessible
machine surface
Intentional Industrial X-Ray Devices
Cabinet
exempt shielded
shielded.
Incidental X-Ray Devices
In a research environment, many devices produce
incidental x-rays. Any device that combines high voltage, a
vacuum, and a source of electrons could, in principle,
produce x-rays. For example, a television or computer
monitor generates incidental x-rays, but in modern designs
the intensity is low, much less than 0.5 mR per hour.
Occasionally, the hazard associated with the production of
incidental x-rays is recognized only after the device has
operated for some time. If you suspect an x-ray hazard,
contact UGA Radiation Safety to survey the device.
Electron Microscopes
What is Radioactivity?
What is scatter ?
Radioactivity
Definition
Any spontaneous change in the state of a nucleus
accompanied by the release of energy.
Major Types
alpha ( ) particle emission
gamma ( ) decay
X-rays can scatter off a target to the surrounding area, off a wall
and into an adjacent room, and over and around shielding. A
common mistake is to install thick shielding walls around an x-
ray source but ignore the need for a roof, based on the
assumption that x-rays travel in a straight line. The x-rays that
scatter over and around shielding walls are known as skyshine.
On November 8, 1895, at the
University of Wurzburg, Wilhelm
Roentgen's attention was drawn to
a glowing fluorescent screen on a
nearby table. Roentgen immediately
determined that the fluorescence
was caused by invisible rays
originating from the partially
evacuated glass Hittorf-Crookes
tube he was using to study cathode
rays (i.e., electrons). Surprisingly,
these mysterious rays penetrated the
opaque black paper wrapped around
the tube. Roentgen had
discovered X rays, a momentous
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen event that instantly revolutionized
(1845-1923) the field of physics and medicine.
X-rays
X-rays are Electromagnetic
Radiation (EMR)
EM radiation can be viewed as a waves or bundles of
energy called photons. Electromagnetic radiation (EM) is
the transport of energy through space as a combination
of electric and magnetic fields
1 E-10 meters
(0.0000000001 m)
1 nanometer = 1 E-9 meter
1 nm = 10
X-Ray
Fundamentals of Radiation Safety
DNA
Radiation Double
Helix
Acute Exposure Effects (Stochastic)
Radiation in large doses in a short time causes observable damage
.observable at >25 Rem
Uranium Miners
Effects Radium Dial
Painters
Medical
Patients
Dose (rem)
How does radiation cause health effects?
Cancer is considered by most people the primary health effect from radiation
exposure. Simply put, cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells. Ordinarily,
natural processes control the rate at which cells grow and replace themselves.
They also control the body's processes for repairing or replacing damaged tissue.
Damage occurring at the cellular or molecular level, can disrupt the control
processes, permitting the uncontrolled growth of cells--cancer. This is why
ionizing radiation's ability to break chemical bonds in atoms and molecules
makes it such a potent carcinogen.
Other stochastic effects also occur. Radiation can cause changes in DNA, the
"blueprints" that ensure cell repair and replacement produces a perfect copy of
the original cell. Changes in DNA are called mutations.
Sometimes the body fails to repair these mutations or even creates mutations
during repair. The mutations can be teratogenic or genetic. Teratogenic mutations
affect only the individual who was exposed. Genetic mutations are passed on to
offspring.
Non-Stochastic Health Effects
Non-stochastic effects appear in cases of exposure to high levels of radiation, and
become more severe as the exposure increases. Short-term, high-level exposure
is referred to as 'acute' exposure.
In this group of 10,000 people, we can expect about 2,000 to die of cancer
from all non-radiation causes. The accumulated exposure to 1 rem of
radiation, would increase that number to about 2005 or 2006.
To give you an idea of the usual rate of exposure, most people receive
about 3 tenths of a rem (300 mrem) every year from natural background
sources of radiation (mostly radon).
What are the risks of other long-term
health effects?
Other than cancer, the most prominent long-term health effects are
teratogenic and genetic mutations.
Most nerve endings are near the surface of the skin, so they give immediate
warning of a surface burn such as you might receive from touching a high
temperature object. In contrast, high-energy x-rays readily penetrate the
outer layer of skin that contains most of the nerve endings, so you may not
feel an x-ray burn until the damage has been done.
X-ray burns do not harm the outer, mature, non-dividing skin layers. Rather,
thex-rays penetrate to the deeper, basal skin layer, damaging or killing the
rapidly dividing germinal cells that were destined to replace the outer layers
that slough off. Following this damage, the outer cells that are naturally
sloughed off are not replaced. Lack of a fully viable basal layer of cells means
that x-ray burns are slow to heal, and in some cases, may never heal.
Frequently, such burns require skin grafts. In some cases, severe x-ray burns
have resulted in gangrene and amputation of a finger. The important variable
is the energy of the radiation. Heat radiation is infrared, typically 1 eV;
sunburn is caused by ultraviolet radiation, typically 4 eV; x-rays are typically
10 to 100 KeV.
Signs and Symptoms of Exposure to X-Rays
500 rem. An acute dose of about 500 rem to a part of the body
causes a radiation burn equivalent to a first-degree thermal burn
or mild sunburn. Typically, there is no immediate pain, but a
sensation of warmth or itching occurs within about a day after
exposure. A reddening or inflammation of the affected area usually
appears within a day and fades after a few more days. The
reddening may reappear as late as two to three weeks after the
exposure. A dry scaling or peeling of the irradiated portion of the
skin is likely to follow.
An acute dose of about 600-900 rem to the lens of the eye
causes a cataract to begin to form.
Radon in home
200 mrem/yr
2. X-ray Scatter
ALARA
Philosophy
A As Radiation doses are
kept as low as
L Low possible LNT Model
ALARA program
A Achievable required by Federal
and State regulations
Reducing External Radiation
Exposure
Time:
reduce time spent in radiation area
Distance:
stay as far away from the radiation source as possible
Shielding:
interpose appropriate materials between the source and
the body
X-Ray Safety Training
Badge Source
Between Neck and Waist
Closest to Source of Radiation
Ring Badge
Monitoring of External
Radiation Dose
Individual responsibility to change badge
Badge Exchange
Not Contaminated
Badge Book Location
Change Out Procedure
X-Ray Safety Training
290-5-22-.03
Standards for the Protection Against Radiation
1) Exposure in milliroentgens
2) Permissible doses
3) Personnel monitoring
4) Caution signs, Labels and Signals
290-5-22-.06
50 mrem/month limit
542-5801