CHINA

People's Republic of China

 The People's Republic of China (PRC)

commonly known as China

is the largest country in East Asia and the most populous in the
world with over 1.3 billion people
approximately one-fifth of the world's population
it is a socialist republic ruled by the Communist Party of China under
a single-party system
The PRC's capital is Beijing.
List of countries by population
Map
 History

Ancient Chinese civilizationone of the world's earliestflourished

in the fertile basin of the Yellow River which flows through the North
China Plain.
For over 4,000 years, China's political system was based on
hereditary monarchies (also known as dynasties).
The first of these dynasties was the Xia but it was later the Qin
Dynasty who first unified China in 221 BC.
The last dynasty, the Qing, ended in 1911 with the founding of the
Republic of China
 History

The first half of the 20th century saw China plunged into a period of
disunity and civil wars that divided the country into two main political
camps the Kuomintang and the Communists.
Major hostilities ended in 1949, when the People's Republic of
China (PRC) was established in mainland China by the victorious
Communists.
The KMT-led Republic of China government retreated to Taipei, its
jurisdiction now limited to Taiwan and several outlying islands.
Plunge ponoit se
Disunity nejednotn
Hostility vlen stav
Outlying - odlehl
 History and now

Since the introduction of market-based economic reforms in 1978,

China has become one of the world's fastest growing economies
and the world's second largest exporter and the third largest
importer of goods.
Rapid industrialization has reduced its poverty rate from 53% in
1981 to 8% in 2001.
However, the PRC is now faced with a number of other problems
including a rapidly aging population due to the one-child policy, a
widening rural-urban income gap, and environmental degradation.
Moreover, China has been criticized for its human rights violations,
and for having a problematic record of interfering with press
freedom.
Moreover krom toho
Interfere with zasahovat do
 Politics

The PRC is regarded by several political scientists as one of the last

five Communist states (along with Vietnam, North Korea, Laos, and
Cuba), but simple characterizations of PRC's political structure since
the 1980s are no longer possible.
The PRC government has been variously described as communist
and socialist, but also as authoritarian, with heavy restrictions
remaining in many areas, most notably on the Internet, the press,
freedom of assembly, reproductive rights, and freedom of religion.
The country is run by the Communist Party of China (CPC), which is
guaranteed power by the Constitution.
There are other political parties in the PRC, referred to in China as
"democratic parties", which participate in the People's Political
Consultative Conference and the National People's Congress.
 Human rights
While economic and social controls have been greatly relaxed in
China since the 1970s, political freedom is still tightly controlled by
both central and local governments.
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China states that the
"fundamental rights" of citizens include freedom of speech, freedom
of the press, the right to a fair trial, freedom of religion, universal
suffrage, and property rights.
However, these provisions do not afford significant protection in
practice against criminal prosecution by the State.
Suffrage - hlasovac prvo
Provision - ustanoven (nap. zkona ap.)
Prosecution - aloba
 Human rights
Censorship of political speech and information is openly and
routinely used to silence criticism of government and the ruling
Chinese Communist Party.
In particular, press control is notoriously tight: Reporters Without
Borders considers the PRC one of the least free countries in the
world for the press.
In the Reporters Without Borders' Annual World Press Freedom
Index of 2005, the PRC ranked 159 out of 167 places.
Routinely bn, rutinn
Reporters Without Borders 2008
Press Freedom Rankings
 Geography
China borders 14 nations.
The territory of China contains a large variety of landscapes.
In the east, along the shores of the Yellow Sea and the East China
Sea, there are extensive and densely populated alluvial plains, while
on the edges of the Inner Mongolian plateau in the north, grasslands
can be seen.
Southern China is dominated by hill country and low mountain
ranges. In the central-east are the deltas of China's two major rivers,
the Yellow River and Yangtze River.
Extensive rozshl, rozlehl
Alluvial plain nivn nina
Plateu nhorn rovina
Grassland louky a pastviny
 Languages
Most languages in China belong to the Sino-Tibetan language
family, spoken by 29 ethnicities.
There are also several major linguistic groups within the Chinese
language itself.
The most spoken varieties are Mandarin (spoken by over 70% of the
population), Wu, Yue (Cantonese), Min, Xiang, Gan, and Hakka.
Classical Chinese was the written standard in China for thousands
of years, and allowed for written communication between speakers
of various unintelligible languages and dialects in China.
unintelligible - nesrozumiteln
allow for - poskytnout
 Sports and recreation
Many historians believe that association football originated in China,
where a form of the sport may have appeared around 1000 AD.
Other popular sports include martial arts, table tennis, badminton,
and more recently, golf.
Basketball is now popular among young people in urban centers.
There are also many traditional sports. Chinese dragon boat racing
occurs during the Duan Wu festival.
In Inner Mongolia, Mongolian-style wrestling and horse racing are
popular.
In Tibet, archery and equestrian sports are part of traditional
festivals.
archery - lukostelba
equestrian sport - jezdeck sport
The END