University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

CE66a: Reinforced
Concrete Design 1
Engr. Katherine Shayne D. Yee
 Design of Concrete Structures 14th edition by
Arthur H. Nilson
National Structural Code of the Philippines
Textbook 2015 8th Edition by ASEP
References: Reinforced Concrete Mechanics & Design 3rd
Edition by James G. McGregor
Any reviewers (Besavilla, Gillesania, and
Padilla)

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 National Structural Code of the Philippines 8th
Requirements edition 2015 by ASEP
Complete RC design plates

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 NSCP 2015 Vol. 1
USEFUL PROVISIONS

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 Section 203.3 Minimum Load Combinations
Section 204 Dead Loads
Section 205 Live Loads
Section 405.3 Load Factors and Combinations
Section 419 Concrete: Design and Durability Requirements
USEFUL Table 419.2.1.1 Limits for fc
419.2.2 Modulus of Elasticity
PROVISIONS Table 419.2.4.2 Modification Factor,
for RC Design Section 420 Steel Reinforcement Properties, Durability, and requirements
Table 420.6.1.3.1 Concrete cover for Cast-in-Place Non-pretressed Concrete
Members

Section 421 Strength Reduction Factors

Table 421.2.1 Strength Reduction Factors
Table 421.2.2 SRF for moment & axial force or Combined Moment and Axial
Force

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 Section 425 Reinforcement Details
425.2.1 Minimum Spacing for Reinforcements
425.3 Standard Hooks, seismic hooks, cross ties and Minimum
USEFUL Inside Bend diameters
Table 425.3.1
PROVISIONS Table 425.3.2
for RC Design 425.4 Development of Reinforcement
425.5 Splices

Appendix A Steel Reinforcement Information

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 Flexural Analysis of
Beams

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Two Important
Concepts in Structural Analysis or Investigation (Mn & Mu)
Reinforced
Structural Design ( No. of Bars or As )
Concrete
Design

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 Three distinct Uncracked Concrete Stage
stages before
Concrete Cracked Elastic Stage
failure occurs
in a BEAM Ultimate-Strength Stage

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 The entire section resists bending, with compression on
one side and tension on the other.

Uncracked
Concrete
Stage

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 Modulus of rupture is exceeded.
The moment in which cracks begin to form at the tension side of the
concrete is referred to as cracking moment.

Concrete Neutral Axis begins to move upward.

Tension side of the concrete cannot resist the tensile stress only the
Cracked STEEL must do it.
Elastic Stresses This will continue until the compression stress of top fibers is about one-
half of the concretes compression strength, fc.
Stage
Compressive Stress vary linearly with the distance from the neutral axis
This stage occurs in RC beams under normal service-load condition.

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 Concrete
Cracked
Elastic Stresses
Stage

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 Compressive Stress is greater
then 0.5 fc.
Beam Failure Concrete compression stress
Ultimate- will not be anymore linear.
Strength Stage Two modes of Failure
Steel Yields (fs = fy)
Concrete Breaks (c = 0.003)

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 Moment
Curvature
Diagram of
Reinforced
Concrete
Beam

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 Concrete Uncracked
Elastic Stress

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 The stress in the concrete from the following flexure formula in
which M is the bending moment equal to or less than the cracking
moment of the section and Ig is the gross moment of inertia of the
cross section.

Cracking NSCP 2015 Section 419.2.3.1 Modulus of rupture

= 0.62
Moment
UncrackedConcrete Stage ACI Code:
= 7.5 in PSI = 0.7

The cracking moment is as follows:

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 Assuming the concrete is uncracked, compute the bending
stresses in the extreme fibers of the beam of figure 2.5 for a
bending moment of 25 ft-k. The normal weight concrete has an fc
of 4000 psi.
Determine the cracking moment of the section.

Example No. 1

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 If the T-beam shown is uncracked, calculate the stress in the
concrete at the top and bottom extreme fibers under a positive
bending moment of 80 ft-k.
If fc= 3000 psi and normal weight concrete is used, what is the
maximum uniformly distributed load the beam can carry if it is
used as a simple beam with 24-ft span without exceeding the
modulus of rupture of the concrete?
Repeat 2nd question if the beam is inverted.
Example No. 2

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 Elastic Stress
Concrete Cracked

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 All of the concrete in tensile side of the beam is cracked and must
be neglected in the flexure calculations.
The reinforcing bars on the tensile side begin to pick up the
tension caused by the applied moment.
Though the strain of both materials are equal, they have different
Elastic Stress stresses due to different moduli of elasticity. Thus, applying
modular ratio:
Concrete
Cracked
If n = 10, 1 sq.in of steel will carry the same total force as 10 sq.in of
concrete. The steel bars are replaced with an equivalent are of
fictitious concrete (nAs), which supposedly can resist tension. This
area is called as transformed area.

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 Working Stress Design
Design of Beams reinforced for tension only. (Singly
Reinforced Concrete)

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 The capacity of the beam must be greater or equal to the
combined service loads given.

Moment due to the

service loads

Safety
Formula

Moment Capacity of
Beam

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 fc c
Kd/3 C

T
fs/n s
The stresses of concrete varies from fc in the extreme concrete fiber to zero at neutral axis.

Working Stress Definitions:

Design fc = compressive unit stress on the concrete at the surface most remote from
the neutral axis
fy = tensile unit stress in the longitudinal reinforcement
b = width of beam
d = effective depth of beam ( d = h Concrete Cover )
kd = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber of concrete
Jd = distance between compressive force C and tensile force T

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 fc c
Kd/3 C

T
fs/n s
The stresses of concrete varies from fc in the extreme concrete fiber to zero at neutral axis.

Working Stress Definitions:

As = cross sectional area of steel bars
Design = ratio of steel are to that of the effective area of concrete ( = As/Ac)
Mc = resisting moment of concrete
Ms = resisting moment of steel
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
c = deformation per unit length of concrete
s = deformation per unit length of steel
n = ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete

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USTP Department of CIVIL ENGINEERING - CE66a: Reinforced Concrete Design 1
 Derivation of
K for design
only.

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Derivation of K
for
investigation
only

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 fc c
Kd/3 C

T
fs/n s

Working Stress For Design: For Investigation:

Design =
= ()2 +2

+
Where: =

Resisting Moment of Concrete:
= Resisting Moment of Steel:
1 =
= 2
2 =

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 Other formulas

=
3

=1
Working Stress 3

Design
= 2
1
=
2

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 Steps in Beam
Find K (for investigation only)
Investigation Compute jd
(Determining Compute for Mn
Mn)

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 Use Trial Section (Minimum Width : 250 mm, h/b = 2 or 1.5 )
Compute the total load on the beam
Compute the maximum moment
Use K for Design
Steps in Compute for Rb
Designing Determine d
Beam H = d + Concrete Cover
Reinforcement If the assumed H is greater than h, it is safe! If not, try larger
H! Back to step 1!
Compute the required area of steel, As
Choose your reinforcing bar diameter size and compute the
no. of bars required in that beam.
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 A concrete beam reinforced for tension only is
required to carry a uniformly distributed load of
27000 N/m on a simple span of 9m. Fs = 124
Example No. 1 Mpa, fc = 5.53 and n = 15.
1. Compute the dimensions of the beam
2. Compute the steel area required

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 A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm , an
effective depth of 500 mm and is reinforced with a steel
having an area of 1200 mm2. The beam is subjected to a
bending moment of 70 kN-m. If the modular ratio = 8,
Example no. 2 and using working stress design Method. Fc = 24 Mpa
and fs = 124 MPa
Investigate if the beam is safe.

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 Investigation of beams
through Transformed
Area Method
Elastic Stress Concrete Cracked

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 Transformed
Area

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 Calculate the bending stresses in the beam shown in figure
by using the transformed area method, fc = 3000 psi, n = 9
and M = 70 ft-k.

Example no. 1

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 Determine the allowable resisting moment of
Example no. 2 the beam of example no. 1 if the allowable
stresses are fc = 1350 psi and fs = 20,000 psi.

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 Compute the bending stresses in the beam as shown
below by using the transformed-area method; n=8 and
M=110 ft-k.

Example No. 3

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 Calculate the bending stresses in the concrete and
reinforcing steel, using the transformed area method:
fc = 3000 psi, normal-weight concrete, n = 9. M = 250
ft-k

Example no. 4

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 Ultimate Strength
Design
Beams at flexure strength

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 The curved compression diagram will be replaced with a
rectangular one with a constant stress of 0.85 fc. Equivalent
Rectangular Stress Diagram
Two modes of Failure
Steel yields MF#1
Ultimate or Concrete Breaks MF#2

Nominal
Flexural
Moments

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 The capacity of the beam must be greater or equal to the
combined ultimate loads given.

Overload Factored
Moment

Safety
Formula
Reduction Factor

Moment Capacity of
Beam

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 Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed
directly proportional to the distance from the neutral
axis.
Assumption in
Maximum Strain at extreme concrete compression
Strength fiber is equal to 0.003
Design in If the steel does not yield, use fs which is equal to Es x
Flexure s.
Tensile Strength in Concrete shall be neglected in axial
and flexural calculations.

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 C
c

T
fs/Es

a = equivalent depth of stress block

Notations and As = area of tension reinforcement
Symbol used b = width of compression face of member
c = distance from the extreme compression fiber to neutral axis
d = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of tension
reinforcement
dc = thickness of concrete cover
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel = 200,000 Mpa
Fc = compressive stress of concrete

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 C
c

T
fs/Es

fy = yield strength of steel

Notations and h = overall thickness of member
Symbol used Mn = nominal moment
Mu = factored moment at section
(cont.) 1 = factored defined at NSCP
c = strain in concrete (0.003)
s = strain in steel below yield point = fs / Es
y = strain in steel at yield point = fs / Es
= ratio of tension reinforcement
b = balance steel ratio
= strength reduction factor

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 Derivation of
Beam Assuming fs = fy (steel yields!)

Expression

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 0.003
C
c

T
fs/Es

Derivation of
Beam Resisting moment of concrete:

Expression = ( )
2
Resisting moment of steel:
(fs=fy)
= 0.85 ( )
2

Nominal Moment Capacity: = 2 (1 0.59)

= =

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 0.003
C
c

T
fs/Es
Ultimate
Strength
Design Ultimate Moment Capacity:
(fs=fy) = 2 (1 0.59)
(Cont.)
Actual Steel Ratio:

0.85 2
= 1 1 Where: = 2
0.85

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 Coefficient of Resistance:
= (1 0.59)
= 2

Actual Steel ratio:

Other 0.85 2
formulas =

1 1
0.85

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 Ultimate
Strength
Design
(steel does not
yield)
(Cont.)

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 Balanced design refers to a design so proportioned that the
Balanced maximum stress of concrete (with a strain of 0.003) and steel (with
a strain of fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate
Design load is reached, causing them to fail simultaneously.

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 Under reinforced design is a design in which the steel
reinforcement is lesser than what is required for balanced
Under- condition. If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin
to yield although the compression concrete is still understressed.
reinforced If the load is further increased, the steel will continue to elongate,
Concrete resulting in appreciable deflections and large visible cracks in
tensile concrete. Failure under this condition is ductile and will
give warning to the user of the structure to decrease the load.

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 Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement
is more than what is required for balanced condition. If the beam
is overreinforced, the steel will not yield before failure. As the load
is increased, deflections are not noticeable although the
compression concrete is highly stressed, and failure occurs
Overreinforced suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.
design Overreinforced as well as balanced design must be avoided in
concrete because of its brittle property, that is why the code
limits the tensile steel percentage (=0.75 b) to ensure
underreinforced concrete with ductile type of failure to give
occupants warning before failure occurs.

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 In balanced Condition, the concrete and steel yield simultaneously. In this
condition, the strain in concrete reached its maximum value of 0.003 and
the strain in steel is fs/Es, where Es = 200,000 Mpa.
b

d
Balanced Steel
Ratio

c at balance condition: balanced steel ratio:

600 0.85 1 600
= =
600 + (600 + )

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 NSCP Maximum steel reinforcement
Additional Minimum reinforcement of flexural members

Provisions

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 I. Assume the dimensions of your beam and compute its
Steps in the selfweight
Design of II. Determine the values of loads: DL, LL, and other loads.
III. Compute the factored load
Rectangular
IV. Compute the factored moment
beam for V.
flexure

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