Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
dq du dw
Thermodynamics M. D. Eastin
Second Law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics which
can be stated in a number of ways. Below
given are three ways that often
encountered
The Kelvin-Planck Statement
The Clausius Statement
Entropy and the 2nd Law
where
the numerator is the heat given to the system
Thermodynamics
M. D. Eastin
Valve Valve
Vacuum Closed Gas Gas Open Gas
Molecules compressed to part of total area Molecules expand to fill total area
Lots of Order Lots of Disorder
Low Entropy Maximum Entropy
Change of entropy in reversible processes
T2 V2
S2 S1 CV ln R ln
T1 V
P2 V2
S2 S1 CV ln CP ln
P1 V1
T2 P2
S2 S1 CP ln R ln
T1 P1
2nd law of Thermodynamics ..
No apparatus can operate in such a way that the only effect is
to convert heat absorbed by a system completely into work
done by the system.
This defines the thermodynamic efficiency and is based on
the observation that only a portion of available heat could be
converted into useful work
WR QH QL QL
th 1
QH QH QH
QL TL
According to Carnot theorem
QH TH
WR T
th 1 L
QH TH
Heat engine.
A heat engine is a device that converts heat into work.
A classic example is the steam engine
A Carnot heat engine, shown in fig receives 500 kJ heat per cycle from
a high temperature source at 652C and rejects heat to a low
temperature sink at 30C. Determine
Thermal efficiency f this Carnot engine and the amount of heat
rejected to the sink per cycle.
Example 2
Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of
80MW. If the rate of waste heat rejection to a nearby river is
50MW, Determine the net power output and the thermal
efficiency for this heat engine.
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
Heat moves in nature from high temperatures to lower
temperatures, no devices required
The reverse process, heat from low temp to high temp,
required special devices called refrigerators or heat pumps
Refrigerators
Refrigerators
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
COP = Desired output/Required input
COPR = QL/Wnet,in = 1/((QH/QL)-1))
Heat Pumps
COPHP =
Desired output
/Required input
= QH/Wnet,in
COPHP = QH/(QHQL) =
1/(1-(QL/QH))
Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
heat absorbed
COP
work done on the machine
, =
, =
Example 3
A heat pump is to be used to heat a
house during the winter as shown in fig.
The house is to be maintained at 21C
at all times. The house is estimated to
be losing heat at a rate of 135,000kJ/h
when the outside temperature drops to
-5C. Determine the minimum power
required to drive this heat pump.
2008/09 final
Starting from the Fist Law of thermodynamics, show that the entropy
change of an ideal gas from state 1 to state 2 can be expressed as
2 1 = 2 + 2
1 1
Hence show that for a polytropic process the entropy change can be
written as
2
2 1 =
1 1