CSC-103 & CSC101 LINE Protection

Functions
Line differential protection
Distance protection
Power-swing blocking function
Communication scheme for distance protection
Communication scheme for earth fault protection ( DEF )
Overcurrent protection
Earth fault protection
Emergency/backup overcurrent protection
Emergency/backup earth fault protection
Switch-onto-fault protection
Overload protection
 Functions
Overvoltage protection
Under voltage protection
Breaker failure protection
Dead zone protection
STUB protection
Poles discordance protection
Synchro-check and energizing check
Auto-recloser
Single- and/or three-pole tripping
CT secondary circuit supervision
VT secondary circuit supervision
OPERATIONS
Indication that the
relay is normal.
Human machine interface
When this led lights up in red color and
flashing, all protection functions will
not operate. abnormal
EM/BU
Diff function
OC &operate
EF is for emergency
operation. It appears
Distance function in situation that
operate
beforeTrip
the between
trip the line
the has a VT
This
failureCT indication appears when
condition.
theand
lineopen line
are switched onto a
DS.
high-current short circuit.

F1-F4 menu for print Switch setting group

 For microwave
communication
converter

Selector switch for

communication
channel
Relay reset button
CB status selector
switch
 VT input breaker

24DK 1DK 1ZKK JKK

230VAC breaker
for temperature
48VDC breaker for 125VDC breaker controller, heater
Communication for CSC103 and lamps,
converter
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
Protection Principles
Startup element
 Startup element

* Startup elements are designed to detect a faulty

condition in the power system and initiate all
necessary procedures for selective clearance of the
fault.
 Startup element

Startup element includes:

Current sudden-change startup element (abrupt current)

Zero-sequence current startup element
Over current startup element
 Sudden-change current startup
Sudden-change current startup element is the main startup
element that can sensitively detect most of faults.
Its criteria are as follows:
or
where:
is the sudden-change value of phase current sample
means AB,BC or CA, e.g. iAB= iA-iB
3i0 is sudden-change value of zero sequence current sample
I_abrupt is the setting value of sudden-change current startup
element.
 Zero-sequence current startup
zero-sequence current element has also been considered to
improve required sensitivity of the fault detection at faults with
high resistance.
As an auxiliary startup element, it operates with a short time
delay. Its criterion is as follows:
3I0 > kI0dz
Where:
3I0 is the tripled value of zero-sequence current
k is internal coefficient
 Zero-sequence current
startup element
I0dz is Min{3I0_Tele EF, 3I0_EF1, 3I0_EF2, 3I0_EF Inv, 3I0_Em/BU EF,
3I0_Inv_Em/BU EF, 3I0_SOTF}

Where:
3I0_Tele EF is setting value of tele-protection based on earth fault
protection
3I0_EF1 is the setting value of definite time stage 1 of the earth fault
protection
3I0_EF2 is the setting value of definite time stage 2 of the earth fault
protection
3I0_EF Inv is the setting value of inverse time stage of the earth fault
protection
3I0_Em/BU EF is the setting value of emergency/backup earth fault
protection
3I0_Inv_Em/BU EF is the setting value of emergency/backup earth fault
protection
3I0_SOTF is the zero-sequence current setting of SOTF protection
 Overcurrent startup element
overcurrent startup operates with 30ms delay as an auxiliary
startup element. Its criteria are as follows:

Ia > kIoc
or
Ib > kIoc
or
Ic > kIoc
 Overcurrent startup element
Where:

Ia(b,c) is measured phase currents

k is internal coefficient
Ioc is min{ I_OC1, I_OC2, I_OC Inv, I_Em/BU OC, I_Inv_Em/BU OC,
I_STUB, I_SOTF }

I_OC1 is the setting value of definite time stage 1 of the overcurrent

protection function.
I_OC2 is the setting value of definite time stage 2 of the overcurrent
protection function.
I_OC Inv is the setting value of inverse time stage of the overcurrent
protection function.
I_Em/BU OC is the setting value of emergency/backup overcurrent protection
I_Inv_Em/BU OC is the setting value for inverse time stage of
emergency/backup overcurrent protection
I_STUB is the setting value of STUB protection
I_SOTF is the setting value of SOTF protection
Differential protection
Differential protection
Principles
InWhen
normala fault occursthe
operation at the
protected
current line, in
flowing theboth
current
flowing
ends in both
are same ends flows in
direction
different
and direction
therefore = 0therefore
IM + INand
+ IN=00
OrIMIdiff
 Line differential protection

The CSC103 line differential protection consists of three

protection functions,

Phase segregated differential protection function,

Sudden change current differential protection function and
Zero sequence current differential protection function.
 Phase-segregated 87L protection
The differential current IDiff and the restraining current IRes are calculated
in the IED using the measured current flowing through both ends of the
protected feeder (end M and end N), according to following formula:

IMC and INC: The capacitive charging current in each phase of the
protected line, which are calculated from the measured voltage in each
end of the line.
 Phase-segregated 87L protection
The characteristics can be described
with following formula:

K1 = 0.6 Where:
K2 = 0.8 I_set= I_Diff High, the
I_1Diff= 1I_set different current high setting
I_2Diff= 3I_set
I_1Res= I_set/0.6
I_2Res= 5I_set
 Sudden-change current
differential protection
The sudden-change current differential protection calculates the fault
current only, the sudden change variable part of whole current. Without
influence of load current, the protection function has high sensitivity,
especially, to fault through arc resistance on heavy load line.

IDiff : Sudden-change of differential

currents
IRes : Sudden-change of restraining
currents
K1 = 0.6
K2 = 0.8
I_1Diff= 1 I_Set
I_2Diff= 3 I_Set
I_1Res= 3 I_Set
I_2Res= 5 I_Set
I_Set: I_Diff High,
the different current high setting
 Sudden-change current differential
protection
IDiff and IRes calculated by using the calculated change in current
flowing through both ends of the protected feeder (end M and end N) in
each phase, according to the following formula.

and
IM : Variable of current flowing toward the protected feeder from end M
IN : Variable of current flowing toward the protected feeder from end N
The characteristics can be described with following formula:
 Zero-sequence current differential protection
As a complement to phase segregated differential protection, the zero
sequence current differential protection is used to enhance the sensitivity on
the earth fault through high arc resistance. It always clears the fault after a
delay time. The protection provides one slope percent differential
characteristic.
I0Diff: Zero sequence differential
currents
I0Res: Zero sequence restraining
currents
K=0.75
I_0Diff: I_Diff ZeroSeq, the zero
sequence differential current setting
 Zero-sequence current differential protection
The differential current I0Diff and the restraining current I0Res are
calculated in the IED using the measured current flowing through both
sides of the protected feeder (End M and N), according to following
formula.

IMx and INx: the measured currents of phase x flowing toward the
protected object in ends M and N, respectively

IMxC and INxC: the capacitive charging currents calculated for phase
x in ends M and N, respectively
x: represents Phase A, B or C
logic
logic
DISTANCE PROTECTION
 Distance Protection

5 Polygonal Zones, 3 Zone forward, 2 Zone forward/reverse

X/O

15.0
Z5
12.5
Z4
10.0
Z3
7.5

Z2
5.0

2.5
Z1

0.0

-2.5

-5.0
-2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 R/O
Distance protection (Cont.)

Direction decision based on X/O

15.0
Operating point impedance Z5
12.5

Z4
Memory voltage 10.0
Z3
7.5

Zero sequence current and voltage 5.0 Z2

Z1
Negative sequence current and voltage 2.5

0.0

-2.5

-5.0
The
The fault
fault is
is near
near the
the bus
bus and
and in
in the
the forward direction but
reverse direction -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0
R/O
but measured
measured impedance
impedance is not
is not within
within the forward
the reverse
quadrilateral
quadrilateral characteristic.
characteristice.
 Distance Protection

shortest tripping time is approx. 17 ms

Blocking in the case of symmetrical/asymmetrical VT fail

 Distance protection
Impedance characteristic- Quadrilateral with fixed inside and outside
angles.
 Distance protection
Measuring principles

Kr = resistance compensation factor

Kx = reactance compensation factor
 Distance protection
Measuring principles

UA=0
IAf=IBf=0

UA1+UA2+ UA0=0
IA1=IA2= IA0
ZA= RA1+RA2+ RA0+j(XA1+XA2+ XA0)
UA=ZA*IA
= [RA1+RA2+ RA0+j(XA1+XA2+ XA0)]*[IA1+IA2+ IA0]

RA1=RA2
XA1=XA2

UA=ZA*IA
= [RA1+RA2+ RA0+j(XA1+XA2+ XA0)] * [IA1+IA2+ IA0]
=[2RA1+ RA0+j(2XA1+ XA0)]*[IA1+IA2+ IA0]
=[3RA1+ RA0-RA(1)+j(3XA1+ XA0-XA1)]*[IA1+IA2+ IA0]
=3RA1* [1+ (RA0- RA(1))/ 3 RA(1)] +j(3XA1* [1+ (XA0- XA(1))/ 3 XA(1)] *[IA1+IA2
+ IA0]
=3RA1*[1+ Kr]+j(3XA1*[1+ Kx]*[IA1+IA2+ IA0]
Kr= (RA0- RA(1))/ 3 RA(1)
Kx=(XA0- XA(1))/ 3 XA(1)
 Distance protection
Measuring principles
 Distance protection

Minimum operating current

The operation of the distance measuring zone is blocked if the
magnitudes of input currents fall below certain threshold values.
For both phase-to-earth loop and phase-to-phase loop, Ln is blocked if
ILn < 0.1In
ILn is the RMS value of the current in phase Ln.
 Distance protection
When the fault occurs at
Tripping Logic
Zone1 it is considered
Distance protection tripping will be blocked in the case of VT Fail
as unpermanent trip, so
Detection.
reclosing is In
allowed
additioninin the case of Switch-onto-Fault condition, the delay timers
this zone. of zone 1, 2 and 3 will be bypassed and short circuit will be immediately
removed.
When the fault occurs at
Zone2-5 it is considered
as permanent trip, so
reclosing is not allowed.
IED provides two binary settings, AR Init by 3p AR Init by 2p to set
auto-reclosing operation for three phase faults, phase to phase fault, and
single phase faults.

If both binary settings AR Init by 3p and AR Init by 2p are disabled,

IED only initiates auto-reclosing for single phase faults.

If both AR Init by 3p and AR Init by 2p are enabled, IED can operate

both for three phase faults, phase to phase fault, and single phase faults.

If binary setting AR Init By 2p is enabled, while AR Init By 3p is

disabled, AR will only be initiated by phase to phase fault or single phase
faults.
 Distance protection

In summary, the distance protection has two essential conditions to operate:

1. corresponding direction detection element is satisfied

2.calculated impedance is entered into the impedance characteristics zone.
TELE-PROTECTION
 Tele-protection schemes for
distance
Distance tele-protection is an important function in the IED to
get fast tripping of the short circuit in the area near to remote
end.
The function employs carrier sending and receiving feature,
power line carrier (PLC) or dedicated fiber optic
communication channels, to implement different tele-
protection scheme configuration.
Permissive under reach transfer trip

Binary setting:

PUR mode- 1
POR mode- 0
Blocking mode- 0
Fcn Z1- 1 *Trip Local CB
Fcn Z2- 1 *Send CARR signal

*Trip Local CB
( accelerated time)
Permissive under reach transfer trip
 Permissive overreach transfer trip

This mode of operation can also be useful for extremely short lines where a
typical setting of 85% of line length for Z1 is not possible and selective
non-delayed tripping could not be achieved.

In this case zone Z1 must be delayed by a time, to avoid non- selective

tripping of distance protection by Z1.
.
POTT Trip Logic

Binary setting:

PUR mode- 0
POR mode- 1
Blocking mode- 0
Fcn Z2- 1 *Send CARR signal

*Trip Local CB
accelerated
POTT Trip Logic
 Tele protection for directional
earth fault protection
Similar to distance tele-protection, the function employs carrier sending
and receiving feature, power line carrier (PLC) or dedicated fiber optic
communication channels, to implement different tele-protection scheme
configuration.
 Tele protection for directional
earth fault protection
Protection principle
Binary setting:

Fcn_TeleEF 1
POR mode- 1 *Send CARR signal

*Local CB Trip
accelerated
Back-up Protections
 Over current Protection 50/51/67
The protection provides the following features:

Two definite time stages

One inverse time stages
11 kinds of IEC and ANSI inverse time characteristic curves as well as user
defined characteristics.
Selectable directional element characteristic angle to satisfy the different network
conditions and applications.
Each stage can be set individually as directional/non directional
Each stage can be set individually for inrush restraint
Cross blocking function for inrush detection
Settable maximum inrush current
VT secondary circuit supervision for directional protection. Once VT failure
happens , the directional stage can be set to be blocked or non-directional stage
 Over current Protection 50/51/67/EM

Time inverse characteristic formula:

 Over current Protection 50/51/67

Setting calculation example:

Ip = 250 MVA
(3 x 400 KV )
Ip = 360.84A

Assuming a 20% safety factor:

Ip-max = 433A
Here is a sample setting calculation for inverse time
overcurrent . The characteristic is selected as IEC Therefore:
normal inverse ( curve 1 ) additionally the function is
set for operation in forward direction. Assuming that I_OC Inv = (433/2000) x 5 = 1.08A sec
the maximum power transmission is equal to
250MVA. And at fault current 10 times the
setting:

Trip time = 38.6ms

 Over current Protection 50/51/67
Logic diagram for phase A of over
current protection
Over current Protection 50/51/67/EM

DIRECTION DETERMINATION
 Over current Protection 50N/51N/67N/EM

DIRECTION DETERMINATION
Over current Protection 50N/51N/67N/EM
 Switch-Onto-Fault protection

The IED has a high speed switch-onto-fault protection function to clear

immediately faults on the feeders that are switched onto a high-current
short circuit.
Its main application may be in the case that a feeder is energized when the
earth switch is closed.
SOTF Logic
1. Enable Fcn_SOTF
2. Active the BI CB open 1
3. Inject current grater than
21/OC/Io on either A/B/C
 STUB protection
The STUB protection protects the zone between the CTs and the open
disconnector.

The STUB protection is enabled when the open position of the

disconnector is informed to the IED through connected binary input. The
function supports one definite stage with the logic shown below figure.
STUB protection Trip Logic

1. Enable Fcn_STUB
2. Active the BI_stub
3. Inject current grater than
I_stub setting on either
A/B/C
Current Circuit supervision
END