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SYSTEM: - System is a group of integrated

parts that have the common purpose of


achieving some objectives. System means
organized relationship among components. A
system exists because it is designed to
achieve one or more objective.

System is an orderly grouping of


independent components linked together
according to achieve specific objectives
1. A system must be designed to achieve
some specific objectives.

2. Interaction and interdependence must


exist among the components.

3. The objectives of the organization


have a higher priority than the objective of
its sub systems.
CHARACTESTICS OF THE SYSTEM

Organization
Interaction
Interdependence
Integration
Central Objectives
Organization
Organization implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of
components that help to achieve objectives. In the design of a business
system, for example, the hierarchical relationship starting with the
president on top and leading downward to the blue-collar workers,
represent the organization structure. Such an arrangement portrays a
system subsystem relationship, defines the authority structure, specifies
the formal flow of communication and formalizes the chain of
command. Likewise, a computer system is designed around an input
device, a central processing unit, and output device and one or more
storage units.
Interaction
Interaction refers to the manner in which each
component functions with other components of the
system. In an organization, for example, purchasing must interact with
production, advertising with sales, and payroll with personnel. In a
computer system, the central processing unit must interact with input
device to solve a problem. In turn, the main memory holds programs and
data that the arithmetic unit uses The
for computation.
interrelationship between these components enables
the computer to perform.
Interdependence
Interdependence means that, parts of the organization
or computer system depend on one another. They are
coordinated and linked together according to a plan. Our subsystem
depends on the input of another subsystem for proper functioning i.e. the
output of one subsystem is the required input for another subsystem.
Integration
Integration refers to the holism of systems. Synthesis
follows analysis to achieve the central objective of the
organization. Integration is concerned with, how a
system is tied together. It is more than sharing a
physical part or location. It means that, parts of the
system work together within the system even though
each part performs a unique function.
Central Objective
The last characteristics of a system is its central
objective. Objective may be real or stated. Although,
a stated objective may be the real objective, it is not
uncommon for an organization to state one objective
and operate to achieve another. The important point is
that users must know the central objective of a
computer application, early in the analysis for a
successful design and conversion
Elements of System
Outputs & Inputs
Processor(s)
Control
Feedback
Environment
Boundaries and Interface
System Models
Schematic Model
Flow System Model ( Water fall model)
Static System Model
Dynamic System model
Waterfall Model for System Development
Prototyping
The Spiral Model
Schematic Model-A schematic is a diagram that represents the elements
of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures
Flow System Model ( Water fall model)
- Flow System modeling examines processes
(activities that transform data from one form to
another), data stores (the holding areas for data),
external entities (what sends data into a system or
receives data from a system, and data flows (routes
by which data can flow).
This model is often known as the "classical life
cycle" or "linear sequential model". This model
is derived from conventional engineering cycle.
It encompasses all the activities discussed
above. It is so called, because of
It's diagrammatic representation. All the steps
are followed by each other. An activity starts
only when the previous activity has been
completed. For example, as per the waterfall
model, maintenance
Phase is started only when the implementation
phase has been completed.
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Developer meets customer and define the overall
objectives for the software, identifies whatever
requirements are known and outlines areas where
further definition is necessary.
A design then occurs.
Iterations occur, as the prototype is tuned to satisfy the
needs of the customer, at the same time enabling the
developer to better understand what needs to be done.
Advantage: of prototyping over waterfall lies in the
fact that in the current situation, organizations and
environment are changing fastly. This may lead to a
change in need of information. SDLC is a long process
often running into months.
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The spiral model is one that couples the iterative
nature of prototyping with controlled and
systematic aspect of the linear sequential or
waterfall model.
It provides the potential for rapid development
of incremental versions of the system.
In a spiral model, a software is developed in a
series of incremental releases. During each
iteration, the incremental release might be a
paper model or prototype.
During later iterations, increasingly more
complete versions of the engineered system are
produced. 15
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The spiral model is divided into a number of framework
activities, also called task regions. Typically, there are six
task regions:
Customer/user communication: Establish effective
communication between developer and user.
Planning: Define resources, timeliness and other project
related information.
Risk analysis: Uses both technical and management risk.
Engineering: Build one or more representations of
application.
Construction and release: Construct, test, install and
provide user support.
Customer evaluation: User provides feedback based on
evaluation of software.
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Flow System Model- Flow System
modeling examines processes (activities that
transform data from one form to another), data
stores (the holding areas for data), external entities
(what sends data into a system or receives data
from a system, and data flows (routes by which
data can flow).
1. Physical or abstract systems
Physical systems are tangible entities that may
be static or dynamic in operation. For example, the
physical parts of a computer center are the office,
desk and chairs that facilitate the operation of the
computer.
Abstract systems are conceptual or non-physical
entities. They may be as straight forward as
formulae of relationship among sets of variables or
models the abstract conceptualization of physical
situations.
2. Deterministic or probabilistic
3. Man made systems
Formal systems (Organization representation) - A
Formal information system is based on the organization,
represented by the organization chart. The chart is a map of
positions and their authority relationships, indicated by boxes and
connected by straight lines. It is concerned with the pattern of
authority, communication and work flow.

Informal systems (Employee based system)-An Informal


information system is an employee-based system, designed to
meet personnel and vocational needs and to help in the solution of
work-related problems.
3 . Conceptual Systems: Are theoretical and explanatory
in the nature. Provide the much needed clarification.
Provide theoretical framework for which there may or
may not be any real life counterpart. E.g. of such
systems can be philosophy, theology etc.
4. Empirical Systems: Are very practical, specific and
also very operational in the nature. Can be based on the
conceptual system. Examination system, surgery act as
very good examples of the empirical systems.
5. Open Systems: Involve continuous interaction with
the environment. So exchanges the information,
material, energy with the environment. Is open and also
self organizing in the nature?
6. Adoptive or adaptive to the changing environment as
it is flexible.

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7. Closed Systems: Shuns any kind of the exchange with
the environment. Is rigid in nature. Is not at all
amenable to the change. Is also self contained. Is
somewhat isolated in the nature. Is having a well
defined boundary. Is not at all adaptive in the
nature.
8. Open System:
9. Natural Systems: Such Systems exist and also abound
in the nature. Are also not at all the results of the human
endeavours? Rivers, mountains, minerals etc. are the
major examples of the natural Systems.
10. Artificial Systems: Are manufactured (man made).
Examples of such Systems are dams, canals, roads,
machines, factories etc.

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Input From Outside
Entropy - A measure of the loss of
information in a message.
Process, Output & Cycles
Differentiation-How a function changes
when the values of its inputs change.
Equifinality - Is the principle that in open
systems a given end state can be reached by
many potential means.
Information systems fall into one of the following
eight categories:
Transaction processing systems (TPS)
Office automation systems (OAS)- AUTOMATION
Knowledge work systems (KWS)
Management information systems (MIS)
Decision support systems (DSS)
Expert systems (ES)- Replicates decision-making process.
Knowledge representation describes the way an expert
would approach the problem
Group decision support systems (GDSS)
Executive support systems (EES)
New technologies are being integrated into
traditional systems
Ecommerce uses the Web to perform business activities
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has the goal of
integrating many different information systems within
the corporation
Wireless and handheld devices, including mobile
commerce (m-commerce)
Open source software
Strategic Information

Managerial Information

Operational Information

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