WCDMA Site Survey

ZTE University
Content

Overview
Site Survey and Design Basics
WCDMA Site Survey
Focus of Site Survey and Design
Overview

Principles and methods for site survey of WCDMA

radio network is basically the same as 2G system.
Due to the self-interference feature of WCDMA
system, reasonable site address planning is
extraordinarily important for a wonderful network
performance.
WCDMA site survey need to concern the station
sharing with 2G system and interference separation
issues.
Position of Site Survey and Design in
Network Planning Process
Network planning process

investigation Requirement Network simulation is the

analysis modeling guide and verification for
Transmitting site survey;
Scale model test Site survey is the actual
Analysis
estimation implementation of site
Transmitting
topology structure in
model
network simulation.
Simulation Network correction
Both of them take the
simulation
other as reference,
through repeated
Survey Site survey and verification, until the
design preset aim of network
planning is fulfilled.
Detailed
planning

Output planning report

Site Survey and Design

Basic contents
Site address selection
Site survey process (antenna feeder part)
Station type selection
Focus
Reuse of the existing network resource
Solution for mutual interference
Coverage for specific scenarios
Content

Overview
Site Survey and Design Basics
WCDMA Site Survey
Focus of Site Survey and Design
Basic Principle for Site Address Selection

Site address selection for BSDetermine first the

backbone site, and then the local site. Complete first
the coverage for network structure, and then
coverage for specific scenarios.
Try to meet the ideal position specified by cellular
mesh in radio network communication theory. The
deviation should be alternative as much as possible
around 1/4 of the BS coverage radius for the cell
division and network development in the future.
This is a basic principle for network planning, and its
aim is to determine the overall structure of the
network.
Method for Site Address Selection

Screening in accordance with coverage and

capacity requirement
Screening in accordance with the geographical
environment around
Screening in accordance with the radio environment
of the site address
Screening based on existing resources
Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement
Site address must be selected for primary coverage
area.
Site address must be selected for streets in central
urban area.
BS deployment position must have clear coverage
aim.
BS deployment position should be as much as
possible close to the traffic concentration point.
After site selection for primary area is completed,
perform the large-area continuous coverage for
secondary areas.
Expand from the searching circle that made up of
key stations.
Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement
CoverageAccording the specific condition, to achieve multi-
form coverage through point, line, and area. BS address
selection need to concern firstly the coverage for key areas,
hot areas, high traffic density areas, and important roads and
transportation lines.
Quality
Switchingensure the success rate of switching.

Cell respirationto avoid the use of cell respiration.

Loadmake full consideration to load margin, generally

margin of 40 60 should be kept.
CapacityAt the early planning stage, capacity has been
fully considered to avoid frequent expansions.
Simplified capacity expansionexpansion without station
increase, smooth expansion.
Indoor coverageindoor coverage need to be fully considered,
and it should equal with that of outdoor coverage
Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement
The guiding principle for planning strategy is to
ensure effective coverage and fully absorb traffics.
Its premise is to divide area levels reasonably.
Area level is determined by geographical
environment and traffic distribution.
Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement
The concentration point for point traffic (service) is the
primary coverage area, where the network quality and
service level can be indicated. It is exactly where
competition lies. The coverage for these area is called
point coverage. During planning, the key coverage
point need to be focused.

Concentration
point income
Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement
Line is actually a flowing line of traffic (service),
and the key point coverage area is generally
connected by these several lines, with traffic
flowing on them. In order to ensure the satisfaction
of key users, coverage for these area must be
ensured, and we call this line coverage.
Commercial streets and roads in urban area is the
primary line; express way also becomes the
primary coverage line based on economic
development. While planning, we should clearly
master the lines need to be covered.
During the coverage planning along express ways,
we are mainly concerning the express way level,
name, and mileage.
Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement
area is the area that continuously connected ---
with a certain traffic (service) requirement, and we
call it area coverage.

Meet the requirement of mass people

satisfaction straightly rises
income straightly rises
Screening in accordance with coverage and
capacity requirement

Reasonable Unreasonable

distribution distribution
Screening in accordance with the
geographical environment around
No obvious blocking for the main lobe of antenna.
Position of the site should be high enough. While
address selection for urban buildings, high buildings
and place that will be high buildings need to be
avoided, as they may block the coverage for
required areas.
Position of the site should not be too high, and
setting stations in forest needed to be avoided. If we
need to do so, the antenna should be higher than
top of the tree.
Height difference for two neighbor stations should
not be too large. Distance and height of neighbor
stations in a same area should be basically the
same.
Screening in accordance with the
geographical environment around
Free space Free space
d

A D
Signal fades 20 dB/ 10 times
B
the distance
Reflection
If phase of the reflection wave
Partial reflection
is reverse, there will be offset
functions to the direct wave,
which reduced the receiving
power
diffraction Signal fades 30-40 dB/ 10
times the distance, 10 dB /2
times the distance
Diffraction
Direct wave is blocked
With additional loss
Screening in accordance with the
geographical environment around
With blocks With blocks
Electrical wave is absorbed==

additional loss
RFD

Reflection wave==delay

Multi-path transmisson Multi-path transmission

Mobile environment

Various multi-paths have

random amplitude and phase

Signal is expanded on time

Building/vehicle penetration loss

Diffraction, additional loss
Building/vehicle penetration loss
Prediction through statistics

Probability ==reliable
receiving
Screening in accordance with the
geographical environment around
Basic mechanismDiffraction
Building/vehicle
Computation methodStatistics penetration loss

Typical value for building penetration loss

? ?
subur rura vehi
area Dense urban urban
b l cle
Building
penetration
loss
18~25 15~20 10~15 10 6
?
Screening in accordance with the radio
environment
To avoid site address selection near strong
interference sources like mass-power radio station,
radar, satellite ground station, etc.
When sharing address with different system, enough
vertical separation space need to be ensured; for
example, address sharing with GSM1800Mhz
To avoid site address selection near national
security departments.
Screening based on existing resources

We need to take the existing mobile network as

reference, and use it as the reference model for
WCDMA radio network planning.
Network planning for newly-built WCDMA need to
refer to the existing mobile network information, and
make full use of the facilities like tower,
transmission, power supply, etc.
While BS address selection, area with developed
transportation should be selected for the
convenience of engineering implementation and
future maintenance.
Screening based on existing resources
Different BS types can be selected according the resource
condition
Macro station
For large/medium traffic areas, it will be divided into indoor
and outdoor patterns, which is of power processing
capability
Micro station
For small traffic areas, it is of small volume and flexible
installation.
Baseband pool
Provide only baseband processing function, used in
conjunction with RRU
RRU
Radio remote unit, generally connected with donor station
(macro station or baseband pool) through fiber. Donor
station provides baseband function, while RRU complete
the radio function. It is of small volume and flexible
installation.
Screening based on existing resources
Macro station for local coverage, the left capacity is expanded through
RRU.
Convert the concentrated capacity to spreaded coverage.
Distributed coverage
As RRU is of small volume and flexible installation, it can bypass
the equipment room
Bottlenecks caused by resource, unnecessary to rebuild new
equipment room.
Directly connect to donor station (baseband pool or macro station)
through fiber, whose processing capability is generally stronger
than micro stations
Through flexible network distribution, the blind coverage area
resulted from building blocks in dense urban area can be solved.

RRU feeder
RRU

fiber fiber
RRU RRU

RRU RRU
Items need to avoid while site address
selection
While planning WCDMA network, circle distribution
of BS must be avoided, as it can easily cause pilot
frequency pollution.
Items need to avoid while site address
selection

RFD

There should be no blocking around the station

Short-distance blocking has very big effect to the BS

coverage. Shadow will appear on the back of the blocker to

cause blind coverage point; while reflection signal from
front of the blocker will cause unnecessary interference to
the system. Generally, there should be no buildings who
are 5m higher than local building in 100m scope around the
station, and no larger high buildings in the 200m scope.
Items need to avoid while site address
selection

While planning WCDMA network, avoid large-traffic

objects at remote end of the station.
Items need to avoid while site address
selection

R1
R2
BS coverage area
Neighbor BS
BS

While planning WCDMA network, avoid the

circumstance of high-low station, as it may easily
cause station cover station issues, and thus
appear cross-district coverage.
Experience Summary for Site Address
Selection
BS address selection should firstly consider the coverage for key
areas, hot areas, dense traffic areas, and important roads and
transportation lines.
Reasonably set antenna height, downtilt and direction angle, so as to
reduce pilot frequency pollution, control the scope of switching area,
and avoid the mutual interference among different systems.
Avoid frequently-switched area being located in key areas, hot areas,
and dense traffic areas.
Avoid the too large soft handover rate and hard network interference
control caused by too dense stations.
Keep the antenna height in a same area basically the same, and
avoid the circumstance of stations being too high.
Balance inter-cell traffics.
Enhance network coverage through serialized BS supplementation.
Optimize the network through test after network is built.
Network performance of WCDMA is closely related to the BS planning
and distribution. A fine network planning can largely reduce the
difficulty and strength in future network optimization.
Signal source Selection

Urban Suburb Sea

Indoor Bridge

Macro station micro station BBU+RRU

Airport Highway

Tunnel Stadium Railway

Station model design

BS sector Adaptive principle Typical area

configurati
on
Omni For the relatively flat terrain, low traffic area Rural area
station

Single- For areas with clear coverage requirement and Highway, indoor
sector/dou dense traffic coverage, etc
ble-sector
Triple- Frequently used configuration, to solve the wide Dense urban,
sector coverage requirement for mass traffic area common urban,
suburb, etc
OTSR For low traffic, but wide coverage areas Rural, dense
For areas with terrible radio environment, and buildings, etc
where distributed coverage is required
Content

Overview
Site Survey and Design Basics
WCDMA Site Survey
Focus of Site Survey and Design
BS Information Survey

Main tasks for BS information survey

Tools for BS information survey
Required data for BS information survey
Main tasks for BS information survey

Obtain necessary data for radio planning and

simulation
Understand geographical environment of the site
Understand radio environment of the site
Understand station building condition of the site
Master traffic distribution in the planning area
Provide candidate station for the planning area
Tools for BS information survey

Collect data through Laser rangefinder

The use of laser rangefinder is to obtain the BS
antenna height. Antenna height is the distance from
antenna to ground. In urban area, antenna is usually
built on the ceiling of the building, thus we need to
measure height of the building and height from
antenna to the building ceiling to get the height of
the antenna. When antenna is placed on floor tower,
its height can be directly measured.
Tools for BS information survey
Characteristic of laser rangefinder__Leica DISTO Classic5
Rangefrom 0.2m to 200m, with measurement
accuracy of 3mm.
Inside telescopecan be used for the measurement of
long-distance and accurate target.
Inside bubbleSimplify horizontal measurement

CalculationAuxiliary measurement with Pythagorean

law, which expanded the scope of use.
Tracking measurement, positioning, and determine the
max and min value.
Has store function.
Multi-functional base, measurement can be performed
from plane and corner.
With backlight lighting, measurement can be performed
in dark room or dim-light place.
Small volume, light weight, and easy operation. With
power-saving design, one group of battery can support
more than 10000 times measurement. Laser indication
can be used to mark the measurement point.
Tools for BS information survey
Functions of laser rangefinder

store
measurement Continuous measurement
distance

Pythagorean law
Tools for BS information survey
GPS refers to the Global Positioning System completely built in
1994. It is made up of space constellation, ground control, and
user equipment.
GPS has 25 satellites at present, which are running around on
six elliptical orbit more than 20 000 Km away from the earth.
Receiver captures and locks satellite signal through phase
tracking, collects the satellite ephemeris, measures pseudo-
range, positions and calculates longitude, latitude, and altitude
at the position of the receiver. Captures of 3 satellites can
perform 2D positioning, and satellites of more than 4 can
perform 3D positioning. The more satellites captured, the
higher will be the positioning accuracy.
Through GPS we can find out the location information of a BS,
and display it on simulation electronic map and mapinfo two-
dimensional vector map. GPS can also help to get the BS
altitude information, which will be extraordinary data for large
undulating-terrain areas like mountainous area, hills, etc.
Tools for BS information survey

Digital camera
The use of digital camera is to record the environment
of the site, and save for the future planning analysis
and information querying. The pictures taken is an
important means of propagation model for the project
manager to judge the necessity of site survey and the
applicability of a planned area environment.
In order to get environment pictures that are clear
enough, the resolution should be 1024768 for clear
display on computer.
Tools for BS information survey

Eight pictures for the ambient environment, starting

from the right north, each picture taken in the angle
of 45o
Multiple pictures of ceiling, taken separately based
on the size of the ceiling.
One picture for the appearance of a candidate
building in the site to be selected.
For pictures not taken or with unsatisfactory effect,
try again.
Tools for BS information survey

Compass
In radio network survey, the use of compass is to get
the direction angle for BS sector.
Some compasses have the function of measure the
donwtilt angle of the antenna. In engineering practice,
as it is impossible to ensure the holder being straight,
the measurement of downtilt angle is extraordinarily
important.
Indicate the photographing direction.
Tools for BS information survey
Open a compass and place it flatly. The zero line of the
compass must be in line with the pointer with a dot (as shown
in the red circle ), and the pointer must direct to north
(Magnetic North).
NoteSome compasses have their white needle pointing to
north while some others have their black needle pointing to
north. The end of the pointer with a dot should be the reference.
Do not use a compass around the strong magnetic field, and
do not put a compass on a metal platform (including an iron
tower) or near a metal target, because these factors may affect
the positioning precision of the compass.
Tools for BS information survey

Measuring the downtilt angle of antenna through

compass: Open the compass, place its straight side
on the back plane of the installed antenna, and
adjust the gradienter with the manipulator behind the
compass until the gradienter is in the level status. In
this case, the scale degree (internal dial) indicated
by the white dot beside the gradienter is the downtilt
angle of the antenna.
Tools for BS information survey
YBT250 frequency-clearance test
It has been a common sense that all kinds of signals in the
space can have interference to mobile networks. These
interferences make call quality reduce, and cause service
dropping. With the low connection rate, quality of the whole
network will be affected.
Frequency resource occupation by the dedicated old radio
system, improper network configuration by different operators,
setting problem for transmitting machine, cell overlapping,
environment, electromagnetic compatibility, and deliberate
interference are all the factors to generate interference to
radios of mobile network communication.
In the network planning, there are two phases in which the
frequency-clearance test should be made: propagation model
test phase and base-station survey phase. Through such a
test, you can test whether the 3 G band has been occupied,
which is favorable to the accuracy of the propagation model
test and the solution of the problem of band use through
coordination with related units before the commissioning of a
network.
Tools for BS information survey
Spectrum scanning indicates the real-time signal strength in
different frequencies. Once an interference signal is observed,
auto-recognition will be started to identify the signal. Spectrum
diagram indicates how signal changes with time, frequency and
electrical level.
Required data for BS information survey
First, get objective information of the BS, which are BS name,
longitude & latitude, ceiling height, and altitude.
BS numberService area abbreviation from two parts

sequence number
BS nameBS name is place name building name. In
urban area, street name is used for place name; while for
village and town, it will be named after the village and town.
longitude & latitude Get longitude & latitude information

through GPS
Ceiling heightthe relative height from the ceiling with
antenna to ground, which can be measured by rangefinder.
AltitudeGPS will be used to record the altitude (absolute
height) of the BS address.
Required data for BS information survey
According the actual survey result, make suggestions to
network planning.
Suggested station typeInvestigation staff determines the
cellular type (macro cellular, micro cellular) and station type
(Omni, directional) according to the survey result.
Suggested antenna parametersgain, horizontal lobe and
vertical lobe of the selected antenna; directional angle and
downtilt angle of the antenna;
Suggested antenna heightdistance from antenna position
to ground; necessity of height increasing, and the height
increasing method, for example, length of the holder, length
of the pull tower, height of the higher frame, height of the
floor tower, etc.
Suggested separation method and separation distance
Separation methodhorizontal separation, vertical
separationthe unit for separation distance is meter.
Required data for BS information survey

After the survey, the survey result need to be found

out, and survey suggestion need to be given.
BS with the shortest distancerecord distance and
directional angle; BS in the scope of 2Km need to be
recorded for dense urban areas; 3-5Km for common
urban areas; 5-10Km for rural and suburban areas; If
there is no NS in these scopes, just record the
nearest one.
Describe the reason of selecting the BS, and clearly
identify objects in the coverage area.
Required data for BS information survey

0
45

275

BS environment descriptiontake pictures of the environment
with digital camera every 45of the directional angle, and
make text descriptions at the same time, totally 8 1024*768
environment pictures. Text must match the pictures. Focus on
whether there is blocking in the surrounding environment and
the relative BS height to the surrounding. Building density in
the coverage area, height difference from the BS, direction and
width of the roads, and the direction, distance and height of the
blocking building.
Required data for BS information survey

Site display in simulation

Site display in mapinfo

Content

Overview
Site Survey and Design Basics
WCDMA Site Survey
Focus of Site Survey and Design
Site address sharing is helpful for fast
network building and cost reducing
Traditional network building has
tremendous dependence to equipment
room resources
Equipment room resource is an necessary
condition for site address resources
enough site address resource is an
important ensuring to fine coverage

Equipment room becomes the bottleneck of

fast network building
Equipment room resource becomes harder
and harder to obtain
Places suitable for site addresses have been
the competition for various operators
Experiences from commercial bureau and
test bureau indicate that, process of the project
is often limited by the process of obtaining
equipment rooms
Large amount of equipment resource leads to the
increase of network building cost
Rent for equipment room30 00050 000/year (rent for
ceiling not included)
Facilities (Air conditioning, power supply ) construction
expensesabout 10 00030 000
Make full use of 2G site address resource in
3G construction
Sharing of equipment room/shelter
Sharing of power supply/battery
Sharing of transmission Sharing of
Sharing of iron tower
equipment
Sharing of space 3G room/shelter
BS
Sharing of control system
Sharing of feeder window Sharing Sharing of
Sharing of grounding of feeder transmission
window 2G
Sharing of cable frame BS
po bat AC co
Sharing we ter ntr
r y ol
of iron
tower

Combination of requirement and actual

condition, comprehensive balance.
Make full use of 2G site address resource in
3G construction
For space of equipment room, following items need to be
concerned:
1According to the planning requirement, initially select out
the sites that might perform shared address construction.
Meanwhile, consider the capacity expansion requirement in the
future, and get an initial understanding of the capacity planning
for each station.
2Perform equipment room resource survey to the site
address that might perform address sharing, so as to get the
detailed available space resources of the above stations. The
survey of equipment room resource might not only limited to its
available space resources, but also relate to the
comprehensive situations of its power system, antenna feeder
system, and so on.
3Collect technical parameters of the equipment that might be
used as the initial basis for equipment room space and to judge
if the other conditions can meet the requirement. For 3G
station, due to its small volume, big capacity, it can be installed
aside the wall and easily maintained, which can better suit the
requirement for various equipment room conditions.
Make full use of 2G site address resource in
3G construction
4Make a using strategy for equipment room. Equipment
room with enough space can be directly listed as the candidate
site address. Those who can meet requirement after simple
transformation can be listed as candidate site address. For the
equipment room who cannot meet space requirement, but its
site address is urged by service distribution and network
planning, we can consider various BS networking solution,
such as outdoor BS, remote radio, etc.
5Consider both outdoor coverage and indoor coverage.
Some sites may spontaneously meet the BS equipment room
requirement for both outdoor coverage and indoor coverage.
Thus there will be another choice to reduce equipment room
investment, since equipment is of enough capacity and
capability.
6 For weighing or equipment room: The entry of 3G
equipment and facilities increased the weighing requirement.
Firstly, battery increased, and facilities of power supply also
increased. The calculation for weighing need to consider
various factors, including capacity expansion.
2G 3G equipment room/shelter sharing
Advantages
1) equipment room/shelter sharing is the
basis for sharing other facilities
2) Shelter takes a large percentage
in the facility investment, thus shelter
sharing can largely reduce the cost
3) Equipment renting is very time
and effort-consuming, which is of big
effect to the engineering process
Equipment sharing can largely speed
up the engineering process

Cautions for equipment/shelter

equipment
sharing room/shelter sharing
1) whether there is available space 3G
for equipment room/shelter BS

2) whether there are specific Sharing of Sharing

weighing requirement feeder of
window 2G transmi
3) Take into consideration the BS ssion
p b A c
temperature, humidity, earthquake o at C o

protection, etc. w te nt
er ry ro
l
2G 3G power/battery sharing
Considerations for power/battery
sharing
1ACpower cable, air switch,
power facilities, etc. Transformation
need to be performed if loading
capacity is too low.
2DCNo power cabinet is generally
needed for site sharing, only a new
power module will be fine.
3 Add new battery group according
to power-down time requirements and
equipment power loss. equipment
/
room/shelter sharing

3G
3G
BS

Sharing
Sharing
of
feeder of
window 2G transmi
2G
BS
ssion
A


C

2G 3G power/battery sharing
1For AC power facility, a characteristic of 3G BS is to have larger full-load
power than that of GSM. While site address sharing, larger load capacity
requirement are raised for the original power equipment. For those equipment
room whose original power facilities cannot meet requirement, transformation
need to be performed, and power cable, air switch, and facilities might also be
involved.
2For DC power facility, capacity expansion might be needed for the original
power facilities. While capacity expansion, The operational power requirement
of 3G BS, and requirement of battery at the worst conditions need to be
considered.
3Battery configuration: for site address usually with batteries, the capacity
distribution of battery need to be considered. When all the battery power is
shared by GSM BS and WCDMA BS, due to the relatively larger power of 3G
BS, the power-down time of GSM BS will be affected. For the circumstance
when powers of 24V and 48V coexisting in GSM BS and WCDMA BS,
battery need to be independently configured. At this moment, battery capacity
for WCDMA BS need to be independently considered.
4During the engineering of shared-site address construction, as 3G and 2G
equipment might not be manufactured by one factory, parameters of the
equipment might be different. Therefore, these factors must be considered,
and capacity expansion need to be performed to existing power equipment if
necessary.
2G 3G Transmission

For each Node B, estimate the required 3G

transmission bandwidth according to the traffic of 2G,
and determine the sharing combined with the
existing transmission margin.
After collecting all the Node B site addresses and
capacity, combined with transmission of the existing
network, planning for the shared part and newly-built
part can be made. At the early stage of 3G network
building, as traffic is not large, we can consider to
use as much as possible the existing transmission
network.
Sharing of other facilities
3G antenna Sharing of feeder
window
2G antenna Sharing of cable
frame

Sharing of iron Sharing of feeder

window and
Sharing of other facilities cable frame

Sharing of Sharing of AC
conrol
Sharing of other facilities
Grounding system: for WCDMA BS, the grounding requirement is the
same as GSM, that is to say, the grounding impedance should be less
than 5 Ohm. Therefore, the fulfilled groundings in the original GSM
can be directly used. As to indoor, outdoor, and prepare-to-used
conditions, we need to consider if there is still available grounding in
the original one. In the actual practice, we also need to pay attention
the grounding method, so as to avoid the bad groundings due to the
use for quite a long period.
Iron tower and holding: When antenna is installed on the iron tower or
the higher frame on the top of building, no new equipment need to be
added as iron tower and higher frame can be shared most of the
cases. Considering the separation between 2G and 3G antennas, and
the planed height for 3G antenna, if the relative separation condition is
not fulfilled, holding or new higher frame will need to be added.
Antenna feeder system: for the circumstance of small ceiling
environment, repeated antenna and antenna holding construction, we
will share the antenna, and use antennas that support both 2G and
3G at the same time for a better construction efficiency.
3G BS distribution Station-sharing
construction by using 2G resources
2G is usually limited by capacity in
dense urban/common urban area. Its
station density is larger than 3G, which
can be selected by3G.
Perform reasonable network topology
design on the basis of 2G according to
the cell coverage radius of 3G network,
and select the most suitable 2G stations
for 3G network construction.
As the existing 2G station might not fully
comply with the cellular system
Existing 2G station that not planed for 3G structure, there will be more 3G stations
than the number from scale estimation.
Existing 2G station that planed for 3G

Newly planed 3G station

Station sharing might cause number increasing for the actual 3G stations.
Does this mean the cost will also be increased?
Network coverage example for city
Through 2G network investigation, in order to make full use of 2G
resources, station number for city is as follows
Station sharing as much as possible,
to reduce the networking CAPEX
while meeting the requirement of
fast network building
After actual investigation, if we
perform station distribution based on
the early estimated 723-station radius,
450 old stations can be used, and
273 new stations need to be built.
too many new stations, site
addresses hard to obtain.
If we use 863 stations, only about 45
new stations need to be built. Assume
the investment for new station is 40%,
for facilities is 60%, and the cost of
the two solution will be respectively
Cost for 723 stations
723*0.4+273*0.6=453
Cost for 863 stations863*0.4
45*0.6=372.2
The latter construction costs about
83% of the former
Current Radio Environment
Rapid progress has been made to the mobile
communication in China in the recent 20 years. But
mobile communication was operated by the country in
quite a long period, with single standard, co-existence
and interference issues are not prominent.
When WCDMA is starting for commercial use in China,
many forms cellular communication systems (GSM
DCSCDMAPHSBWA) already exist, and
competition among multiple operators already formed.
Moreover, there are also large amount of satellite ground
stations, timing GPS receiving equipments, microwave
transmission equipments, and all these make
interference become very promiment.
Type of interference

Inner-system interference is the interference from

interference source to receiver

Theoretically, there are four types of interference

Interference by added noise
Interference from intermodulation
Interference from block
Interference from neighbor channel
Requirement for mutual interference

Vertical Horizontal distance

interference(dB)
distance(m) (ideal)(m)

CDMA800 20 0.3 0.8

CDMA1.9G 84 4 200

CDMA1.9Gplu
50 0.6 4
s filter

GSM900 20 0.3 0.8

DCS1800 20 0.15 0.4

TD 40 0.31 1.3

Space separation is the mostly used solution for mutual

interference
Solution of the mutual interference between
WCDMA and GSM
Horizontal separation Vertical separation

Separation must be met. There is only 20cm been required for

equipment, and it is easy on engineering.
After sharing tower built, there will easily be antennas of different
frequency band on the same pulling tower. For this circumstance,
different marks need to be made for the smooth implementation of the
future engineering RF optimization.
Coverage for Specific Scenarios

Take high floor residential area for example

Features: high floor, building is mainly with fixture
and concrete, which is of large penetration loss.
Transmission environment for radio signal is quite
band, and blind coverage point will be easily
occurred.
Focus: Residents are sensitive to signal radiation,
camouflage and beautification of antenna is crucial.
Idea: Distributed three-dimension coverage
Coverage for high-building residential area
BBU+RRUconcentrated capacity, distributed coverage
Flexible antenna positionCoverage for three-
dimensional overage
High station +small downtilt Low station + large uptilt angle for
angle for the coverage of the coverage of medium and
higher floors higher floors

Medium station + suitable downtilt angle

for the coverage of medium and Antenna camouflage
lower floors