The Child From Birth To 18 Months of Age

The Child from
birth to 18
months of age
Glaiza G. Tajanlangit 05-13-17

The Child from
birth to 4
months of age
Infants under the age of two and three
months lead to not require a great number
of toys to remain happy.
What they need are sensitive, responsive

interactions with others.
It has been said that the most important toy

for a newborn is the human face.
As they grow older and have longer

periods of being awake and alert, they
become more interested in exploring the
world around them.
Materials given to infants of this age must be both
challenging and safe.
Each toy should meet all the following criteria:

It is too big to swallow.
It has no sharp points or edges to cut the skin or
eyes.
It can be cleaned
It has no movable parts that can pinch
Painted surfaces have nontoxic paint
It is strong enough to bear biting, banging and
throwing
To be challenging for the young infant, each
materials should do the following:
1. It should catch the infants attention so that she
will want to interact with it in same way, such as
reaching, pushing, grasping, tasting or turning
and being able to practice these movements
over and over again.
2. It should be movable enough to allow the infants
to successfully manipulate the object and
respond to it with arms, legs, hands, eyes, ears or
mouth.
3. It should be usable at several levels of
complexity, so that the infants can use it with
progressively more skill.
Type of Materials
Small toys to grasp
Mobiles
Rattles
Yarn or texture balls
Mirrors
Sound toys
Pictures, designs
Crib gyms
Examples of Homemade Materials
1. Rattles 3. Fabric twirls
2. Yarn balls 4. Designs
Caregiver strategies to enhance development
1. Physical Development
CHILD BEHAVIOR MATERIALS CAREGIVER STRATEGIES
REFLEX Finger, rattle Lifts infants body

Grasp reflex (hand slightly, place object
closes) in palm of infants
hand.
Startle Reflex Mirror, mobiles Touch and hold infant

(brainstem reflectory to calm him
reaction)
Tonic neck reflex Toys, designs Place objects at side
(head facing one side of crib, not about
or other, not facing middle of crib.
up)
Muscular Control Place infant on back. Place
(develop from head to to one side
feet)
Head and Neck Support infants head when
Turns head holding infant upright.
Holds head upright
with support
Trunk
Sits with support; may Stuffed toy Place infant in sitting
attempt to raise self; position. Support head and
may fuss if lest lying back with arm or pillow.
down with little chance Lengthen sitting time as
to sit up infant as able.
Leg Place infant on flat surface

Rolls from stomach to where infant cannot roll off.
back
Muscular Control Toys Place objects within reach

(develops from mid-body of infant.
to limbs) Bright toys that
Arm make noise Place objects slightly
Moves randomly beyond reach of infant;
Reaches give to infant when child
reaches to it.
Hand Toys with handles Place handle In fist; help
Opens and closes that fit in fist infant close fist around
Keeps hands open , Colorful plastic object.
plays with hands bracelet Place on infants hand and
fingers colorful safe objects
that attract attention.
Eye hand Coordination Toy, bottle Place within reach of infant
Moves arm toward
object; may miss it
Reaches hand to
object; may grab or
miss it
2. Cognitive Development
Stage 1: REFLEX Visually attractive Provide no restricting

Carries out reflexive crib, walls next to clothes, uncluttered
actions, sucking, crib, occasional crib, which allow
eye movements, music, singing, freedom of
hand and body talking, chimes movement.
movements Provide environment
that commands
Moves from passive attention during
to active search infants periods of
alertness.
Stage 2: Provide change for

Differentiation) infants; carry infant
Makes small, around, hold, place
gradual changes infant in crib.
that come from Observe, discuss,
repetition record changes.
Coordinates face and voice, Turn on musical toy,
behaviors, ex. A musical toy place where infant
sound stimulates can see it
looking
Puts hand, objects Objects infant Place objects in hand
in mouth and suck can grasp and or within reach.
it bite are safe to Infants attempt to put
go in mouth everything in their
mouth. Make sure
that they get only
safe objects.

SENSORIMOTOR STAGE Place objects in
Follows moving Toys and objects range of infants
objects disappears; that attract visual vision. Allow time for
look where object attention infant to focus on
has disappeared; object. Move object
loses interest and slowly back and forth
turn away; does not within childs field of
search for it vision. Move object
where infant cannot
see it. Ex. Roll ball
behind the infant
3. Language Development
CHILD BEHAVIOR CAREGIVER STRATEGIES
Physical Components involved in Observe and record infants use of
language communication. sound.
Back of throat Record repetitions, changes and new
Nose and mouth cavity sound
Front of mouth Record mood of infant when making
Tongue Lips Saliva longer repetitions of sound
Crying Empathize with the infant. Respond to

Cries apparently automatically in infant's crying immediately and
distress and frustration consistently.
Cries diff. to express hunger, Attend to the need infant expressed
discomfort, anger by crying
Cries to gain attention Find out what infant wants.
Cooing Imitate, respond and talk to infant
Repetitive vowel-like sounds
Adds pitch
4. Emotional Development
Types of Emotional- Calming touch, Determine cause. Change
Feelings talk, music, situation to reduce stress. Ex.
Shows stress singing Change diaper, change
Shows enjoyment Interesting, position, talk to infant they
Anger or frustrations challenging may be bored
Fear toys Provide pleasant experiences
protests ex. Give infant a bath,
converse, smile
Determine cause. Remove
fear-producing object of
change situation. Hold,
comfort
Determine what infant in
protesting about. Eliminate
act. Or do it different way. Ex.
change how you wash
infants face
Control of Active toys Involve infant in an
Emotional- that catch activity
Feelings infants Initiate
Decreases attention conversations and
crying and that respond to infants
Increase sound infant likes talking
(talking) Respond to the
Reflects feelings expressed. Ex.
feelings in Comfort (by talking) a
sound whining child.
5. Social Development
Attachment Accept that the infant will
Shows special respond differently to you
closeness to parent; than parent. Closely observe
differentiates response the parent-infant interaction
to parent-voice, touch, and then model some of the
presence, absence caregiving behaviors and
other characteristics of the
parent
Develops familiarity Some caregiver provides most
with one primary infants care, although other
(significant other) caregivers may share
responsibility occasionally.
Needs security Provide consistent care, feed,
comfort, change diapers, talk,
sing, etc.

Bright clothes, Provide clothes that allow
Becomes aware material for freedom of movement.
of hands hands, feet, bare Occasionally put on hands
feet sometimes and feet to bright colors or
Smiles dots on hands and feet to
spontaneously mirror attract infants attention
with another Smile with infant
person
The Child from
4 to 8 months
of age
This infants have developed some
manual skills, but their limited control
of their arm and hand muscles causes
them to be rather rough on their toys
and themselves.
Attention-catching toys stimulate the

interest of these infants and lengthen
their playtime.
Type of Materials
Foam toys
Small toys &objects to grasp
Sound toys
Toy safe to throw
Safe to bang and hit
Low mat. And equipment to
climb
Teething toys
1. Blocks
2. Rattles
3. Sound toys
4. Bracelet
5. Sock doll
Muscular Control Mobiles, Put some objects above center
Head and Neck crib gyms of crib
Holds head in Place infant where child can
middle position safely look around.
Holds head up,
when on back,
stomach and
sitting
Trunk Provide pillows and firm items
Sits with support; to prop infant against.
may attempt to Hold infant in sitting position
raise self; may fuss
if felt lying down
with little chance to
sit up
Leg Hold infant in standing position
Straightens legs for short periods. Hold infants
when standing sides firmly when child
Stamps feet when bounces.
standing Firmly hold infant upright and
provide flat surface for infant to
push and move feet against
Locomotion Floor Provide area where there is
Kicks against space safe resistance that helps
surface to move traction, bare feet on vinyl.
Rocks on hands Blanket on Provide a clear, safe area
and knees floor where infant can safely raise
self up and rock, then lurch
forward and fall on face.
Arm Crib toys, Provide toys that infant can
Visually directs movable reach and hit against.
reaching, hitting toys Select toys that are light and
will not go far and hit other
Throws objects Soft, light children. Place infant in an
toys and area where child can safely
objects throw objects.
Hand Clutch ball Provide toys that allow infant to
Grasps objects with wrap hand around some part.
whole hand and Flat surfaces slip out of grasp
fingers against
thumb Make sure toys are too big to
Uses thumb and Small toys be swallowed
forefinger of any
shape
Seeing Designs, pictures, Regularly change pictures,
Focuses on objects wall space floor to ceiling projects, and
near and far Faces, shapes, bulletin boards to stimulate
Distinguishes visually colors in rooms vision
attractive objects and materials Provide colorful items
Hearing Adjust routines to fit infants

Takes a long morning changing sleep schedule
nap and a long
afternoon nap
Eating Mashed foods, Clean up infant and self for
Eats baby food baby spoon, feeding. Feed patiently while
heated dish, infant learns to eat from a
plastic-lined bib, spoon. Talk calmly.
washcloth
Teeth Hard teething Provide objects safe for infant
First teeth emerge, 2 rings, firm, safe to bite on hand
middle lower, 2 middle objects to bite
upper
Reproduction Objects that Watch movements the infant
Produces a motor attract attentions: repeats. Watch which
activity, catches contrasting colors, movement the infant repeats.
interest and changes in sound, Provide materials that facilitate
intentionally repeats variety of texture it. Ex. Items on the crib gym
the act over and over
Develops hand-eye toys Place blocks, dolls, balls, other
coordination further; toys near the infant where child
looks for objects; can reach
reaches for it
Coordination Toys, bottle or Show infant a toy. Play with it a
Visually follows object. objects that minute and then hide the toy.
Searches visually for attract visual Bring it out and play again.
short time when object attention
disappears

Bubbles syllable-like Respond with talk
sound Talk directly to infant
Respond to talking by Make sounds, talk, sing to infant
cooing, babbling, and Place yourself so that the infant can
smiling see you when you converse
Imitates sound together
Looks for person Call the infant by name and talk
speaking with child
Looks when name is Use normal speaking patterns and
called tones when talking to the infant
Uses intensity, volume,
pitch, and rhythm

Types of Emotional Feelings Favorite Place infant where child can see
Shows pleasure in toys other playing
watching other and in Provide favorite toys. Share pleasure
repetitive play in repetitive action ex. Clapping
hands
Shows fear of strangers Introduce new people carefully. Do
not let strangers hover closely. Give
the infant time to become familiar to
Frustrations with the stranger at a distance
stimulation overload Provide quiet space and time for the
infant. Comfort the infant and talk
softly.

Self Allow infant to accomplish task by self
Seek independence in when possible ex. Creeping to toy, pulling
actions self up
Plays self-designed games Allow infant to play his or her own game.
Do not distract infant or make infant
change and play you game.
Others Allow infant to touch talk to other
Recognizes children children. Stay close so each is safe from
pinching or hitting
Play with people Let older children and other adults play
games with the infant involving looking,
hearing and touching
The Child from
8 to 12 months
of age
Most infants in this age range are
mobile and will encounter an
expanded world.
These infants need space as they
continue develop control of gross
motor movements.
Attention-catching materials
stimulates infants to select and use
those materials.
Type of Materials
Very low materials to climb
over
Stacking objects
Stroking, textured objects
Crayons
Puppets
Pictures
One-piece puzzle
Nesting toys
1. Puzzle
2. Puppet
Trunk , Leg Flat Keep are of objects that would hurt the
Raises self to sitting surface infant if child falls on them
position Allow infant to stand alone
Stands without Watch sharped-cornered furniture
assistance
Squats and stands
Locomotion Obstacle- Allow infant to crawl. Place toys slightly
Crawls free beyond reach to stimulate crawling
Stepping forward space Hold infants hand; provide furniture to
lean on for support when stepping forward.
Hand Banging Play clapping, banging games with infant.
Brings both hands to objects,
middle of body blocks Provide several objects at once that
Uses one hand to stimulates infants interest
hold object, one Objects
hand to reach and enough to
explore grasp
Sleeping Calming Provide adequate time to spend with
May have trouble music, infant preparing for sleep. Rock, sing and
in sleeping musical toy talk to, and stroke infant. Respond
Quiet, dim, immediately if infant awakens.
Takes morning clean Determine infants preferences for going
nap and afternoon sleeping to sleep. Feed, hold and rock, rub infants
nap space back, hum and sing help infant
Eating Bottle Allow infant to hold bottle while you hold
Holds bottle infant
Holds cup, spoon Cup with Allow to hold the cup. Assist wen
special necessary.
cover, infant
spoon
Teeth Teething Provide objects safe to bite, cold soothes
Begins to get teeth ring, cold, the gums. Change bib as needed
hard objects
to bite, bib
Coordination Toys, Place objects near infants
Differentiates visually
goals: can attractive
focus on objects
reaching and
on a particular
toy
Learns that Verbalize caregivers own actions.
others cause Ex. I put the ball behind me
actions
Introduce new copying games.
Imitates others Allow time and space for infant to
actions; uses play.
actions as play

Label sound Bell, rattle Name important objects with on
word. Then in sentence
Repeat Label frequent behaviors and
syllables respond to infants use ex. bye-
Familiar bye and wave
Connects words toys, Point or touch objects you verbally
with objects objects label.
Scribbles Paper, Provide writing space and writing

markers materials
Show happiness, joy, Share infants feelings. Return smile, use a
pleasure positive tone of voice, hug, pat the child.
Use calm, quiet talking. Cuddle and stroke the
Show anxiety child. Remove the child if necessary.
Rejects items, Allow infant to make choices. Figure out
situations alternative choices for situations he she needs to
experiences
Begins to learn to Use no sparingly so infants can determine
obey no important situations when they must control their
behavior. Use firm not angry and matching
nonverbal so message is clear.

Others Respond to infants behavior. Talk,
Initiates play with infant. Allow infant access
interactions to other children and adults
with others Play games with infants ex. can
Initiates play you do this? wave hand , clap
hands, etc.
The Child from
12 to 18
months of age
Walking is a major
development for toddlers at
this age.
They are fascinated with toys
to pull or push. They climb over
objects. They may ride
wheeled toys. They grasp and
throw and drop objects again
and again.
Type of Materials
Pull and push toys
Truck, cars
Low, riding wheel toys
Picture books
Paper, markers, crayons
Area with water and sand
Pail with object to put in and
take out
Puzzles
1. Pull toy
2. Toss box
3. Exploring tubs
4. Clothing frame
Trunk Provide a variety of materials and act. So
Show high energy, the child can often change act. And play
active, moves from objects. Schedule clean-up and help put
one act. to another away toys and end of playtime
Locomotion Allow toddler to crawl when desired. It
May prefer faster then walking when the child is jus
crawling than beginning to walk.
walking
Hand Picture Play pointing game. Ex using a picture book
Points with finger books Sit on floor with legs open and outstretched
Rolls and catches Large and and roll ball back and forth with toddler.
objects small balls
Object Performance Play game. Hide the object while the child
Watches toys watches. Let the child watch you move the
being hid and object to diff. place under the blanket. Ask
moved. Looks for it where is it? Can you find it?
where it was
moved
Investigates cause Allow and encourage child to search to
and effect identify the relationship between an action
and the effect of it.
Copies behaviors Encourage child to pretend; to drink from a
of others pretend bottle like a baby Gwen, walk like
Pearl. Be sure your actions are the kind of
actions you feel comfortable seeing the
child copy.

Uses play to Blocks, Provide props for acting out fear,
express dolls, frustrations, insecurity and joy.
emotions,
resolve conflicts
clothes,
toy
animals
Begins to learn Verbalize which behavior is right and
right and wrong which behavior is wrong. give
reasons.

Self Help toddler to feel sorry for hurting
Is egocentric: someone else by using emotional talk.
understand only
his, or her own
view point
Other Provide enough materials and
Occasionally equipment so sharing can be
shares
encouraged but not required.
To encourage also others to wait for
their turn and have respect.

The Child From Birth To 18 Months of Age

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The Child from

Glaiza G. Tajanlangit 05-13-17

What they need are sensitive, responsive

It has been said that the most important toy

As they grow older and have longer

Each toy should meet all the following criteria:

REFLEX Finger, rattle Lifts infants body

Startle Reflex Mirror, mobiles Touch and hold infant

Leg Place infant on flat surface

Muscular Control Toys Place objects within reach

CHILD BEHAVIOR MATERIALS CAREGIVER STRATEGIES

Stage 1: REFLEX Visually attractive Provide no restricting

Stage 2: Provide change for

CHILD BEHAVIOR MATERIALS CAREGIVER STRATEGIES

Crying Empathize with the infant. Respond to

CHILD BEHAVIOR MATERIALS CAREGIVER STRATEGIES

Attention-catching toys stimulate the

Hearing Adjust routines to fit infants

CHILD BEHAVIOR CAREGIVER STRATEGIES

CHILD BEHAVIOR MATERIALS CAREGIVER STRATEGIES

CHILD BEHAVIOR CAREGIVER STRATEGIES

CHILD BEHAVIOR MATERIALS CAREGIVER STRATEGIES

Scribbles Paper, Provide writing space and writing

CHILD BEHAVIOR CAREGIVER STRATEGIES

CHILD BEHAVIOR MATERIALS CAREGIVER STRATEGIES

CHILD BEHAVIOR CAREGIVER STRATEGIES

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