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The diameter being plotted on logarithmic scale because being useful when
data covers a large range of values .
A particle size distribution curve gives us an idea about the type and
gradation of soil.
Well graded soil a soil is said to be well graded when it has good
representation of particles of all sizes.
Poorly graded soil a soil is said to be poorly graded when it has an excess
of certain particles and deficiency of others (called gap graded soil ), or it
has most of particles of about the same size ( called uniformly graded soil).
Well graded soil Cu>4 to 6, Cc=1 & 3(Cu>4 for well graded gravel and Cu>6
for well graded sand).
For poorly grade Cu=1 and Cc<4.
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3
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SOIL PHASE RELATIONSHIP
Soil mass is generally a three phase system. It consists of solid particles, liquid and
gas.
For all (although in some cases, the water may contain some dissolved salts) and the
gas as air.
The phase system may be expressed in SI units either in terms of mass-volume or
weight-volume relationships.
The inter relationships of the different phases are important since they help to define
the condition or the physical make-up of the soil.
Practical purposes, the liquid may be considered to be water .
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Soil: Phase Material
Air
Water
Solid
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The Mineral Skeleton
Solid Particles
Volume
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Three Phase Diagram
Air
Water
Solid
Air
Solid
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Partially Saturated Soils
Air
Water
Solid
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Three Phase System
Va Air Wa~0
Vv
Vw Water Ww
VT WT
Vs Solid Ws
Volume Weight
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WIEGHT-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS.
The phase-relationships in terms of mass-volume and
weight-volume for a soil mass are shown by a block
diagram in Fig. 3.1. A block of unit sectional area is
considered.
The volumes of the different constituents are shown on the
right side and the corresponding mass/weights on the right
and left sides of the block. The mass/weight of air may be
assumed as zero
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1. Volumetric Ratios
There are three volumetric ratios that are very useful in geotechnical
engineering and these can be determined directly from the phase
diagram, Fig. 3.1.
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I. Void ratio e, is defined as the ratio of volume of voids Vv to the volume of
soil solids Vs