Chapter 12 Gases and KMT

CHAPTER 12
GASES AND KINETIC-MOLECULAR THEORY
1
CHAPTER GOALS
1. Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
2. Composition of the Atmosphere and Some
Common Properties of Gases
3. Pressure
4. Boyles Law: The Volume-Pressure
Relationship
5. Charles Law: The Volume-Temperature
Relationship; The Absolute Temperature
Scale
6. Standard Temperature and Pressure
7. The Combined Gas Law Equation
8. Avogadros Law and the Standard Molar
Volume
2
CHAPTER GOALS
9. Summary of Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas

Equation
10. Determination of Molecular Weights and
Molecular Formulas of Gaseous Substances
11. Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
12. Mass-Volume Relationships in Reactions
Involving Gases
13. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
14. Diffusion and Effusion of Gases
15. Real Gases: Deviations from Ideality
3
Comparison of Solids, Liquids,
and Gases
The density of gases is much less than that
of solids or liquids.
Densities Solid Liquid Gas
(g/mL)
H2O 0.917 0.998 0.000588
CCl4 1.70 1.59 0.00503
Gas molecules must be very far apart

compared to liquids and solids.
4
Composition of the Atmosphere and
Some Common Properties of Gases
Composition of Dry Air

Gas % by Volume
N2 78.09
O2 20.94
Ar 0.93
CO2 0.03
He, Ne, Kr, Xe 0.002
CH4 0.00015
H2 0.00005
5
Pressure
Pressure is force per unit area.

lb/in2
N/m2
Gas pressure as most people think of it.
6
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is measured using a

barometer.
Definitions of standard pressure
76 cm Hg
760 mm Hg
760 torr
1 atmosphere
101.3 kPa
Hg density = 13.6 g/mL

7
Boyles Law:
The Volume-Pressure Relationship
V 1/P or
V= k (1/P) or PV = k
P1V1 = k1 for one sample of a gas.
P2V2 = k2 for a second sample of a
gas.
k1 = k2 for the same sample of a gas
at the same T.
Thus we can write Boyles Law
mathematically as P1V1 = P2V2
8
Boyles Law:
Example 12-1: At 25oC a sample of He has a

volume of 4.00 x 102 mL under a pressure
of 7.60 x 102 torr. What volume would it
occupy under a pressure of 2.00 atm at the
same T?
PPP V
111VV111 PP22 VV222
PP11 VV11
V22
V
PP2
2

760
760 torr
torr
400
400mL
mL
1520
1520torr torr
2.00 10 2 mL 9
Boyles Law:
Notice that in Boyles law we can use any

pressure or volume units as long as we
consistently use the same units for both
P1 and P2 or V1 and V2.
Use your intuition to help you decide if
the volume will go up or down as the
pressure is changed and vice versa.
10
Charles Law:
The Volume-Temperature Relationship;
The Absolute Temperature Scale
35
30
25
20 Volume (L)
vs.
15 Temperature (K)
10 Gases liquefy
before reaching 0K
5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
absolute zero = -273.15 0C

11
Charles Law:
Charless law states that the volume
of a gas is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature at
constant pressure.
Gas laws must use the Kelvin scale to
be correct.
Relationship between Kelvin and
centigrade.
o
K = C + 273
12
Charles Law:
Mathematical form of Charles law.
V V
V
V TTororVV = kT
= kT or or k k
T T
V1 V2
k and k however th e k' s are equal so
T1 T2
V1 V2
in the most useful form
T1 T2
13
Charles Law:
Example 12-2: A sample of hydrogen, H2,

occupies 1.00 x 102 mL at 25.0oC and 1.00
atm. What volume would it occupy at
50.0oC under the same pressure?
T1 = 25 + 273 = 298
T2 = 50 + 273 = 323
V1 V2 V1T2
V2 =
T1 T2 T1
1.00 10 mL 323 K
2
V2 =
298 K
108 mL 14
Standard Temperature and
Pressure
Standard temperature and pressure is

given the symbol STP.
It is a reference point for some gas
calculations.
Standard P 1.00000 atm or 101.3 kPa
Standard T 273.15 K or 0.00oC
15
The Combined Gas Law Equation
Boyles and Charles Laws combined into

one statement is called the combined gas
law equation.
Useful when the V, T, and P of a gas are
changing.
Boyle's sLaw
Boyle' Law Charles'
Charles'Law
Law
VV11 V
V2
P1V1 11P2 V22 2
P V P V 2
TT11 T T2
2
For a given sample of gas : The combined gas law is :
PV P1 V1 P2 V2
k
T T1 T2
16
Example 12-3: A sample of nitrogen gas, N2,
occupies 7.50 x 102 mL at 75.00C under a
pressure of 8.10 x 102 torr. What volume
would it occupy at STP?
V11 ==750
750 mLmLV2 = ?V2 = ?
TT11 ==348
348 K K T2 =T273 2 =K 273 K
P
P11 ==810
810 torr P2 =P760
torr 2 = torr
760 torr
P V PT1 2V1 T2
Solveforfor
Solve V2 V
=2 = P T
1 1
P2 T1 2 1

810 torr 750 mL 273 K
760 torr 348 K
627 mL
17
Example 12-4 : A sample of methane,
CH4, occupies 2.60 x 102 mL at 32oC
under a pressure of 0.500 atm. At
what temperature would it occupy 5.00
x 102 mL under a pressure of 1.20 x
103 torr?
You do it!
18
V1 = 260 mL V2 = 500 mL
P1 = 0.500 atm P2 = 1200 torr
= 380 torr
T1 = 305 K T2 = ?
T1 P2 V2 305 K 1200 torr 500 mL
T2 =
P1 V1 380 torr 260 mL
= 1852 K 1580 Co
19
Avogadros Law and the
Standard Molar Volume
20
Avogadros Law states that at the same
temperature and pressure, equal volumes of two
gases contain the same number of molecules (or
moles) of gas.
If we set the temperature and pressure for any
gas to be STP, then one mole of that gas has a
volume called the standard molar volume.
The standard molar volume is 22.4 L at STP.
This is another way to measure moles.
For gases, the volume is proportional to the
number of moles.
11.2 L of a gas at STP = 0.500 mole
44.8 L = ? moles
21
Example 12-5: One mole of a gas
occupies 36.5 L and its density is 1.36 g/L
at a given temperature and pressure. (a)
What is its molar mass? (b) What is its
density at STP?
? g 36.5 L 136
. g
49.6 g / mol
mol mol L
?g 49.6 g 1 mol
2.21 g/L
LSTP mol 22.4 L
22
Summary of Gas Laws:
The Ideal Gas Law
Boyles Law - V 1/P (at constant T & n)
Charles Law V T (at constant P & n)
Avogadros Law V n (at constant T & P)
Combine these three laws into one statement
V nT/P
Convert the proportionality into an equality.
V = nRT/P
This provides the Ideal Gas Law.
PV = nRT
R is a proportionality constant called the
universal gas constant.
23
The Ideal Gas Law
We must determine the value of R.
Recognize that for one mole of a gas at 1.00
atm, and 273 K (STP), the volume is 22.4 L.
Use these values in the ideal gas law.
PV 1.00 atm 22.4 L

R =
nT 1.00 mol 273 K
L atm
0.0821
mol K
24
The Ideal Gas Law
R has other values if the units are
changed.
R = 8.314 J/mol K
Use this value in thermodynamics.
R = 8.314 kg m2/s2 K mol
Use this later in this chapter for gas velocities.
R = 8.314 dm3 kPa/K mol
This is R in all metric units.
R = 1.987 cal/K mol
This the value of R in calories rather than J.
25
The Ideal Gas Law
Example 12-6: What volume would
50.0 g of ethane, C2H6, occupy at 1.40
x 102 oC under a pressure of 1.82 x
103 torr?
To use the ideal gas law correctly, it is very
important that all of your values be in the
correct units!
1. T = 140 + 273 = 413 K
2. P = 1820 torr (1 atm/760 torr) = 2.39 atm
3. 50 g (1 mol/30 g) = 1.67 mol
26
The Ideal Gas Law
nR
n RTT
V=
V =
P
P

11..67
67 mol 0.0821
mol 0 .0821
LLatm
atm413
413KK
molKK
mol
22..39
39atm
atm
23.6 L
27
The Ideal Gas Law
Example 12-7: Calculate the

number of moles in, and the mass
of, an 8.96 L sample of methane,
CH4, measured at standard
conditions.
You do it!
28
The Ideal Gas Law
PV 1.00 atm 8.96 L

n = 0.400 mol CH 4
RT L atm
0.0821 273 K
mol K
16.0 g
? g CH 4 0.400 mol 6.40 g
mol
29
The Ideal Gas Law
Example 12-8: Calculate the pressure
exerted by 50.0 g of ethane, C2H6, in a
25.0 L container at 25.0oC.
You do it!
n = 1.67 mol and T = 298 K
nRT
P=
V
L atm
1.67 mol 0.0821 298 K
P mol K
25.0 L
P 1.63 atm
30
Determination of Molecular Weights and
Example 12-9: A compound that

contains only carbon and hydrogen
is 80.0% carbon and 20.0%
hydrogen by mass. At STP, 546 mL
of the gas has a mass of 0.732 g .
What is the molecular (true)
formula for the compound?
100 g of compound contains 80 g of
C and 20 g of H.
31
11mol
1mol
molCCC
? mol
? mol
mol C C atoms===
Catoms
atoms 80.0gggCC
80.0
80.0 C 6..67
67 mol
mol
6.67 CC C
mol
12.0
12.0 gg C
12.0 CC
g
11mol
molH H 19.8 mol H
? mol HHatoms
? mol 20.0 ggHH
atoms == 20.0 19.8 mol H
1.01
1.01 gHgH
Determine the smallest w hole number ratio.
19.8
3 the empirical formula is CH 3 with mass = 15
6.67
32
Remember, the molar mass is the
mass divided by the number of moles.
0.732 g g
n= 30.0
0.0244 mol mol
actual mass 30.0
2
empirical mass 15.0
Thus the molecular formula is
the empirical formula doubled.
CH3 2 C 2 H 6
33
Example 12-10: A 1.74 g sample of a

compound that contains only carbon
and hydrogen contains 1.44 g of
carbon and 0.300 g of hydrogen. At
STP 101 mL of the gas has a mass of
0.262 gram. What is its molecular
formula?
You do it!
34
1 mol C
? mol C atoms = 1.44 g C 0.120 mol C
12.0 g C
1 mol H
? mol H atoms = 0.300 g H 0.297 mol H
1.01 g H
0.297
2.5 C 2 H 5 with mass = 29
0.120
n=
PV

1.00 atm 0.101 L 0.00451 mol
RT L atm
0.0821 273 K
mol K
35
?g 0.262 g
58.1 g/mol
mol 0.00451 mol
2 C 2 H 5 2 C 4 H10
58.1
29
36
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
Daltons law states that the

pressure exerted by a mixture of
gases is the sum of the partial
pressures of the individual gases.
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + .....
37
Example 12-11: If 1.00 x 102 mL of
hydrogen, measured at 25.0 oC and 3.00
atm pressure, and 1.00 x 102 mL of
oxygen, measured at 25.0 oC and 2.00
atm pressure, were forced into one of the
containers at 25.0 oC, what would be the
pressure of the mixture of gases?
PTotal PH 2 PO 2
3.00 atm + 2.00 atm
= 5.00 atm
38
Vapor Pressure is the pressure

exerted by a substances vapor over
the substances liquid at
equilibrium.
39
Example 12-12: A sample of hydrogen
was collected by displacement of water at
25.0 oC. The atmospheric pressure was
748 torr. What pressure would the dry
hydrogen exert in the same container?
PTotal PH 2 PH 2O PH 2 PTotal PH 2O
PH 2 748 24 torr = 724 torr
PH 2O from table
40
Example 12-13: A sample of oxygen

was collected by displacement of
water. The oxygen occupied 742 mL
at 27.0 oC. The barometric pressure
was 753 torr. What volume would the
dry oxygen occupy at STP?
You do it!
41
V1 742 mL V2 ?
T1 300 K T2 273 K
P1 753 27 = 726 torr P2 760 torr
273 K 726 torr
V2 742 mL 645 mL @ STP
300 K 760 torr
42
Mass-Volume Relationships in
Reactions Involving Gases
43
Mass-Volume Relationships
in Reactions Involving Gases
In this section we are looking at
reaction stoichiometry, like in Chapter 3,
just including gases in the calculations.
MnO2 &
2 KClO 3(s)
2 KCl(s) + 3 O2 (g)
2 mol KClO3 yields 2 mol KCl and 3 mol O2
2(122.6g) yields 2 (74.6g) and 3 (32.0g)
Those 3 moles of O2 can also be thought of as:
3(22.4L)
or 67.2
44
Example 12-14: What volume of oxygen

measured at STP, can be produced by
the thermal decomposition of 120.0 g of
KClO3?
You do it!
45
1 mol KClO 3 3 mol O 2 22.4 LSTP O 2
? LSTP O 2 120.0 g KClO 3
122.6 g KClO 3 2 mol KClO 3 1 mol O 2
? LSTP O 2 32.9 LSTP O 2
46
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
The basic assumptions of kinetic-
molecular theory are:
Postulate 1
Gases consist of discrete molecules that are
relatively far apart.
Gases have few intermolecular attractions.
The volume of individual molecules is very
small compared to the gass volume.
Proof - Gases are easily compressible.
47
Postulate 2
Gas molecules are in constant, random,
straight line motion with varying
velocities.
Proof - Brownian motion displays
molecular motion.
48
Postulate 3
Gas molecules have elastic collisions
with themselves and the container.
Total energy is conserved during a
collision.
Proof - A sealed, confined gas
exhibits no pressure drop over time.
49
Postulate 4
The kinetic energy of the molecules is
proportional to the absolute temperature.
The average kinetic energies of
molecules of different gases are equal at
a given temperature.
Proof - Brownian motion increases as
temperature increases.
50
Displayed in a Maxwellian distribution.
51
The gas laws that we have looked at earlier in this
chapter are proofs that kinetic-molecular theory is the
basis of gaseous behavior.
Boyles Law
P 1/V
As the V increases the molecular collisions with
container walls decrease and the P decreases.
Daltons Law
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + .....
Because gases have few intermolecular attractions,
their pressures are independent of other gases in the
container.
Charles Law
V T
An increase in temperature raises the molecular
velocities, thus the V increases to keep the P
constant. 52
53
The root-mean square velocity of gases is

a very close approximation to the average
gas velocity.
Calculating the root-mean square velocity
is simple:
3RT
u rms
Mm
To calculate this correctly:

The value of R = 8.314 kg m2/s2 K mol
And M must be in kg/mol.
54
Example 12-17: What is the root mean
square velocity of N2 molecules at room T,
25.0oC?
m22
kg m
298
298KK
kg
338.314
8.314 22
sec
sec K mol
K mol

rms
u rms
0.028
028 kg/mol
kg / mol
515 m / s = 1159 mi / hr
55
Example 12-18: What is the root

mean square velocity of He atoms
at room T, 25.0oC?
You do it!
56
kg m
2
3 8.314 2 298 K
sec K mol
u rms
0.004 kg / mol
1363 m / s = 3067 mi / hr
Can you think of a physical situation that
proves He molecules have a velocity that
is so much greater than N2 molecules?
What happens to your voice when you
breathe He?
57
Diffusion and Effusion of Gases
Diffusion is the intermingling of
gases.
Effusion is the escape of gases
through tiny holes.
58
This is a demonstration of diffusion.
59
The rate of effusion is inversely
proportional to the square roots of the
molecular weights or densities.
R1 M2

R2 M1
or
R1 D2

R2 D1
60
Example 12-15: Calculate the ratio of the
rate of effusion of He to that of sulfur
dioxide, SO2, at the same temperature and
pressure.
R He M SO 2

R SO 2 M He
641
. g / mol

4.0 g / mol
16 4 R He 4R SO 2
61
Example 12-16: A sample of hydrogen, H2, was
found to effuse through a pinhole 5.2 times as
rapidly as the same volume of unknown gas (at
the same temperature and pressure). What is the
molecular weight of the unknown gas?
You do it!
R H2 M unk

R unk M H2
M unk
5.2
2.0 g/mol
M unk
27
2.0 g/mol
M unk 27( 2.0 g/mol) = 54 g/mol 62
Real Gases:
Deviations from Ideality
Real gases behave ideally at ordinary
temperatures and pressures.
At low temperatures and high pressures
real gases do not behave ideally.
The reasons for the deviations from ideality
are:
1. The molecules are very close to one another,
thus their volume is important.
2. The molecular interactions also become
important.
63
Real Gases:
van der Waals equation accounts for the
behavior of real gases at low
temperatures and high pressures.
n 2a
2
P + V nb nRT
V
The van der Waals constants a and b take into
account two things:
1. a accounts for intermolecular attraction
2. b accounts for volume of gas molecules
At large volumes a and b are relatively small
and van der Waals equation reduces to ideal
gas law at high temperatures and low
pressures. 64
Real Gases:
What are the intermolecular forces

in gases that cause them to deviate
from ideality?
1. For nonpolar gases the attractive
forces are London Forces
2. For polar gases the attractive forces
are dipole-dipole attractions or
hydrogen bonds.
65
Real Gases:
Example 12-19: Calculate the pressure
exerted by 84.0 g of ammonia, NH3, in a
5.00 L container at 200. oC using the ideal
gas law.
You do it!
1 mol
n = 84.0 g NH3 4.94 mol
17.0 g
L atm
4.94 mol 0.0821 473 K
P=
nRT
mol K
V 5.00 L
P 38.4 atm 66
Real Gases:
Example 12-20: Solve Example 12-

19 using the van der Waals
equation.
L2 atm
n = 4.94 mol a = 4.17 b = 0.0371 L
mol 2 mol
n 2a
P + 2 V - nb nRT
V
nRT n 2a
P= 2
V - nb V
67
Real Gases:
4.94 mol 0.0821 473K 4.94 mol 4.17

L atm
2 L2 atm

P mol K
mol 2
5.00 L (4.94 mol )(0.0371 mol )
L
5.00 L 2
191.8 L atm
P 4.07 atm (39.8 atm 4.1 atm )
4.817 L
P 35.7 atm which is a 7.6% difference from ideal
68
Synthesis Question
The lethal dose for hydrogen sulfide
is 6.0 ppm. In other words, if in 1
million molecules of air there are six
hydrogen sulfide molecules then
that air would be deadly to breathe.
How many hydrogen sulfide
molecules would be required to
reach the lethal dose in a room that
is 77 feet long, 62 feet wide and 50.
feet tall at 1.0 atm and 25.0 oC?
69
Synthesis Question
12 in 2.54 cm
77 ft 2347 cm
ft in
12 in 2.54 cm
62 ft 1890 cm
ft in
12 in 2.54 cm
50 ft 1524 cm
ft in
V 2347 cm 1890 cm 1524 cm 6.76 10 cm
9 3
1L
6.76 10 cm
9 3
3
6.76 10 6
L
1000 cm
70
Synthesis Question
1L
6.76 109 cm 3 3
6.76 106 L
1000 cm
T 273 25 298 K
n
PV

1 atm 6.76 106 L 276,000 mol of air
RT 0.0821 L atm mol K 298 K
6.022 10 23 molecules
276,000 mol 1.66 10 29 molecules of air
mol
6.0 molecule of H 2S
Lethal dose 1.66 10 29 molecules of air 6 9.96 10 molecules of H 2S
23
10 molecules of air
71
Group Question
Tires on a car are typically filled to a

pressure of 35 psi at 3.00 x 102 K.
A tire is 16 inches in radius and 8.0
inches in thickness. The wheel that
the tire is mounted on is 6.0 inches
in radius. What is the mass of the
air in the tire?
72
End of Chapter 12
Gases are the
simplest state of
matter.
Liquids and solids are
more complex.
They are the subject
of Chapter 13.
73

Chapter 12 Gases and KMT

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 12 Gases and KMT

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

CHAPTER 12

GASES AND KINETIC-MOLECULAR THEORY

9. Summary of Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas

CCl4 1.70 1.59 0.00503

Gas molecules must be very far apart

Composition of Dry Air

Pressure is force per unit area.

Atmospheric pressure is measured using a

Hg density = 13.6 g/mL

Example 12-1: At 25oC a sample of He has a

Notice that in Boyles law we can use any

absolute zero = -273.15 0C

Mathematical form of Charles law.

Example 12-2: A sample of hydrogen, H2,

Standard temperature and pressure is

Boyles and Charles Laws combined into

PV 1.00 atm 22.4 L

Example 12-7: Calculate the

PV 1.00 atm 8.96 L

Example 12-9: A compound that

Example 12-10: A 1.74 g sample of a

Daltons law states that the

Vapor Pressure is the pressure

Example 12-13: A sample of oxygen

Example 12-14: What volume of oxygen

The root-mean square velocity of gases is

To calculate this correctly:

Example 12-18: What is the root

What are the intermolecular forces

Example 12-20: Solve Example 12-

4.94 mol 0.0821 473K 4.94 mol 4.17

Tires on a car are typically filled to a

Вам также может понравиться