Massive MIMO for Wireless

Communication Systems

Manju Rana
Roll No. - 00216414216
M.Tech ECE I Semester
 MIMO
Multiple-input multiple-output is a multiple antenna
technology for communication in wireless systems.
Multiple antennas are used at both the source
(transmitter) and the destination (receiver).
MIMO technology takes the advantage of a radio-wave
phenomenon called multipath where transmitted
information bounces off walls, ceilings, and other
objects, reaching the receiving antenna multiple times
via different angles and at slightly different times.
 MIMO
In wireless communication, the transmitted signals
are being attenuated by fading due to multipath
propagation and by shadowing due to large
obstacles between the transmitter and the receiver,
yielding a fundamental challenge for reliable
communication.
Transmission with multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) antennas is a well-known diversity
technique to enhance the reliability of the
communication.
 MIMO
With multiple antennas, multiple streams can be
sent out and hence, we can obtain a multiplexing
gain which significantly improves the
communication capacity.
 MIMO
A signal can take many paths between a transmitter
and a receiver.
Additionally by moving the antennas even a small
distance the paths used will change. The variety of
paths available occurs as a result of the number of
objects that appear to the side or even in the direct
path between the transmitter and receiver.
Previously these multiple paths only served to
introduce interference. By using MIMO, these
additional paths can be used as advantage.
Principle of multipath propagation
 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
Multiple-Access (MA) is a basic function in wireless
cellular systems. Generally speaking, MA techniques
can be classified as:
Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA)
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) with SIC
 Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC)
The novelty of NOMA is to opportunistically allocate the
transmit power to different users by exploiting the difference
among the users channel conditions, e.g., users with poorer
channel conditions are allocated more transmission power.
In this way, these users are able to decode their own messages
by treating the others information as noise, since the power
level of their messages is higher. On the other hand, the users
with better channel conditions will use the successive
interference cancellation (SIC) strategy, i.e., they first decode
the messages of the users with poorer channel conditions and
then decode their own by removing the other users
information.
 What is Massive MIMO?
Massive MIMO is a form of MU-MIMO systems
where the number of BS antennas and the
numbers of users are large. In Massive MIMO,
hundreds or thousands of BS antennas
simultaneously serve tens or hundreds of users in
the same frequency resource.
 Massive MIMO
The more antennas the BS is equipped with, the
more degrees of freedom are offered and hence,
more users can simultaneously communicate in
the same time-frequency resource.
Massive MIMO is a cutting edge technology for
future 5G wireless networks.
Massive MIMO is a MU-MIMO cellular system
where the number of BS antennas and the
number users are large
Massive MIMO
Massive MIMO
 Massive MIMO Downlink
Downlink (or forward link) is the scenario where
the BS transmits signals to all K users.
The antenna array selectively transmits a
multiplicity of data streams, all occupying the
same time/frequency resources, so that each user
receives only the data stream that is intended for
him.
 Massive MIMO Downlink

Downlink operation of a Massive MIMO link

 Massive MIMO Uplink
Uplink (or reverse link) transmission is the
scenario where the K users transmit signals to
the BS.
The users transmit data streams that occupy the
same time/frequency resources, and the signals
received by the elements of the antenna array are
processed to recover the individual data streams.
 Massive MIMO Uplink

Uplink operation of a Massive MIMO link.

 Why Massive MIMO?
The demand for wireless throughput and communication
reliability as well as the user density will always increase.
Future wireless communication requires new technologies in
which many users can be simultaneously served with very
high throughput.
With the race to 5G now underway, the wireless research
community has embarked on a journey to create the
technologies of tomorrow that will deliver unprecedented
improvements in network throughput and capacity,
enhancements in spectral efficiency, reduced end-to-end
latency, and increased reliability and more. These
improvements are driven by key performance requirements
defined by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).
 Why Massive MIMO?
The following parameters are considered to be key capabilities of
International Mobile Telecommunications IMT-2020:
Peak data rate: Maximum achievable data rate under ideal conditions

per user/device (in Gbit/s).

User experienced data rate: Achievable data rate that is available

across the coverage area to a mobile user/device (in Mbit/s or Gbit/s).

Latency: The contribution by the radio network to the time from when

the source sends a packet to when the destination receives it (in ms).
Connection density: Total number of connected and/or accessible

devices per unit area (per sq. km).

Mobility

Energy efficiency and Spectrum efficiency: Average data throughput

per unit of spectrum resource and per cell (bit/s/Hz).

Area traffic capacity: Total traffic throughput served per geographic

area (in Mbit/s/sq. m).

 Why Massive MIMO?
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Report
ITU-R M.2376 describes solutions based on Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO) and beam-forming with a large
number of antenna elements to meet these demands.
Massive MIMO is an exciting area of 5G wireless research.
For next-generation wireless data networks, it promises
significant gains that offer the ability to accommodate more
users at higher data rates with better reliability while
consuming less power.
Very large MIMO offers the unique prospect within wireless
communication of saving an order of magnitude, or more, in
transmit power.
 Massive MIMO Benefits
Increasing data rate: The increase in the number of
antennas allows for a greater number of paths to be
used and hence a much greater level of data to be
transferred within a given time.
Increasing signal to noise ratio: One of the basic
advantages of the use of MIMO systems is that it can
be used to improve the signal to noise ratio of the
overall system. There is also an increase in hardening
against intentional jamming as a result of the large
diversity.
 Massive MIMO Benefits
Capacity and Spectral Efficiency: Increase in
capacity and energy efficiency, with the help of
spatial multiplexing we can increase the capacity up
to 10 times than the conventional MIMO.
Energy Efficiency: Besides spectral efficiency,
massive MIMO technology can improve power
efficiency as well.
Massive MIMO has robustness against jamming, in
massive MIMO this is achieved by spreading the data
in frequency domain that it makes it difficult to
decode.
 Challenges in Massive MIMO
To design a base station architecture that properly partitions
computation in order to easily and flexibly scale with the
number of antennas.
MIMO system is extremely sensitive to fluctuations in
wireless channels; therefore the channel state information
(CSI) must be updated both quickly and accurately. Challenge
is to efficiently collect full CSI for a large number of base
station antennas and users.
MIMO systems requires accurate clock and transmission
synchronization to ensure correct phase and symbol alignment
for the signals sent from the multiple antennas. Challenge is to
synchronize the clock and transmission for a large number of
antennas.
 Challenges in Massive MIMO
Hardware Impairments: Only limited work has been done on
the impact of hardware impairments on massive MIMO
systems. Hardware effects can lead to channel estimation error
and a capacity ceiling even though a high array gain can still
be achieved with an increase in the number of antennas at the
BS. The user side impairment is more severe compared to the
BS side.
Antenna Placement: One of the key issues with any MIMO
system is the placement of the antennas. For many systems
using physically small units, the antenna placement can
present some issues. In order that the MIMO system is able to
operate satisfactorily, the correlation between antennas must
be small.
 Challenges in Massive MIMO
Antenna Arrays: There are several practical issues regarding
antenna arrays that are relevant to massive MIMO systems.
One concerns the configuration and deployment of the arrays.
The second issue is the mutual coupling effect among antenna
elements. The mutual coupling effect can be ignored only
when the antennas are well separated from each other. For
massive MIMO systems, antennas may be compactly
arranged, and, the coupling issue cannot be ignored.
FUTURE SCOPE AND RESEARCH TRENDS
Heterogeneous Networks: In heterogeneous networks
(HetNets), low-cost small cells referred to as pico-cells or
femto-cells are flexibly deployed in order to provide dense
coverage and ubiquitous high throughput. The use of massive
MIMO in coordination with HetNets in order to provide
improved interference management and energy efficiency is an
important future research direction.
Interference management among coexisting massive MIMO
systems and small cells is a critical issue. It is important that a
macro-cell BS with a large number of antennas be able to
communicate with its own macro-cell users without interfering
with users in small cells
FUTURE SCOPE AND RESEARCH TRENDS
Non-Cellular Applications: The principles of Massive MIMO
are not confined to concentrated antenna arrays, but could also
be applied to distributed (cell free) deployments.
Massive MIMO is dependent upon the ability to acquire
channel information, and user mobility appears to impose a
limit on the number of active users who can be served.
Considerable research is underway to mitigate these
limitations.
Signal processing algorithms and modulation formats are
attracting much attention.
Additional research is aimed at CSI acquisition either with the
object of making FDD work in mobile environments, or
simply accommodating more users with TDD.
FUTURE SCOPE AND RESEARCH TRENDS
Argos is a proposed base station architecture that solves the
above challenges.
Argos is considered to improve scalability and reliability.
A local conjugate beam-forming method is proposed, which
gracefully distributes the processing to each antenna with
close-to-optimal performance.
A novel internal relative channel calibration procedure is
devised which enables full CSI to be collected very quickly.
A central clock distribution board is employed to accurately
synchronize all antennas.
These techniques collectively lead to a practical base-station
which can scale to hundreds or even thousands of base station
antennas.
CONCLUSION
Massive MIMO is an exciting area of 5G wireless research.
For next-generation wireless data networks, it promises
significant gains that offer the ability to accommodate more
users at higher data rates with better reliability while
consuming less power.
Very large MIMO offers the unique prospect within wireless
communication of saving an order of magnitude, or more, in
transmit power.
Very large MIMO has the potential to bring radical changes to
the communication field.
Thank You