INTERNET PROTOCOL

VERSION 6 (IPv6)

By- Raman Kumar

ramankhowal@live.com
IP Address

Every device that connects to the Internet requires

an unique number.
This number is called as Internet protocol(IP)
address
It is an unique identity of a computer connected in a
Network.
The IP address space is globally managed by the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) uses 32-bit
addresses that allow 232 unique IP addresses.
Problems with IPv4

It doesnt offer enough addresses

World Population:
Around 6.8 billion

Number of IPv4 addresses:

Around 4.3 billion
IP Address Allocation History
1981 - IPv4 protocol Introduced
100.00%
1990 ~ 1/8 of total were allocated 90.00%
80.00%
2000 ~ 1/2 of total were allocated 70.00%
60.00%
2002 ~ 2/3 of total were allocated 50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
IANAs IPv4 address pool was 10.00%
0.00%
Exhausted on 31-Jan-2011 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Conservation efforts
PPP / DHCP address sharing
NAT (network address translation)
CIDR (classless inter-domain routing) & VLSM by forming subnets
of an address
Theoretical limit of 32-bit space: ~4.3 billion devices
Practical limit of 32-bit space: ~250 million devices (RFC 3194)
How it Gets Worse

People (personal computers) arent the only thing online

Solution is IPv6
A new version of the Internet Protocol viz; Internet
Protocol version 6
Originally known as IPng (Next Generation)
IPv6 increased the number of addresses to 2128 from
which IPv4 is about 232 addresses
Useful for Mobility, QoS, and privacy extension
 2128 Addresses
Each person on Earth could be assigned 7 unique
addresses on every organ in his or her body! (assuming
1,028 organs per human for roughly 6.8 billion people alive
today)
With IPv4 the full allocation IP addresses is not possible:
Number of Addresses in IPv4 4,294,967,296
World Population (2003 est.) 6,814,000,000
Number of Addresses in IPv6
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
What happened to IPv5
Version 5 IP was assigned to ST2 protocol (a.k.a,
Internet Streaming Protocol)
It Is a real-time streaming protocol
It is not considered as successor of IPv4
It is used in only for Military and Scientific Purpose
IPv6 Features
128 bit hexadecimal
IPv6 contains 8 fields and each field contains 16 bits
36
larger address space (340x10 )

More secure (?) & Faster than IPv4 (?)

Uses ICMP version 6 which replaces the ICMP,

IGMP, ARP
Doesnt use ARP, instead uses NDP
 IPv6 Features

Increased address space

Simpler header format
Improved routing efficiency, in some cases
Neighbor discovery and auto configuration (RFC 3041)
The IPV6 address are four times as large as the IPV4
address, But the header length is only twice as big
Integrated strong IP-layer encryption and authentication
(IPsec is mandatory)
Quality of Service
 Simplified Headers Mean Faster
Traffic Stays same

Dropped

Name/position change

New

IPv4 Header IPv6 Header

(20 Bytes) (40 Bytes)
Traffic
Type of Version
Version HL Total Length Class Flow Label(20)
Service (4)
(8)
Next
Fragment
Identifiier Flags Payload Length(16) Header Hop Limit
Offset
(L4)
Time to Upper Layer
Header Checksum
Live Protocol (L4) Source Address (128 bit)
Source Address (32 bit)
Destination Address (32 bit)
Destination Address (128 bit)
Options (if any) Padding
IPv6 Header Packet At Layer-3

Version Traffic Class

Flow Label (20bits)
(4bits) (8bits)

Next Hop Limit

Payload Length (16 bits)
Header (8b) (8 bits)

Source Address(128 bits)

Destination Address(128 bits)

IPv6 Addressing Notation
IPv6 is of 128-bit
128-bit means : 2128 equals to 340 x 1036 addresses
Address notation
String of eight 16-bit hexa-decimal numbers are separated
by colons
Leading Os can be omitted
Successive fields of O can be represented as ::, but
only once in an address
Case-insensitive
 128-bit IPv6 Address Format

3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234

8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by :

Leading zeros can be

removed
3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234

:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal n

 Types of IPv6 Addresses
Unicast
U
Address to a single interface
Delivery to single interface
Used for one-to-one communication M
Multicast M
Address to a group of interfaces
Delivery to all interfaces in the group M
Used for one-to-many communication

Anycast A
Address to a group of interfaces
Delivery to a single interface in the group A
Used for one-to-nearest communication
Nearest is defined as being closest in term A
of routing distance

No Broadcast (performed by Multicast)

What is Anycast ?
Anycast - Route datagram along shortest path and
deliver to exactly one member of the group (i.e.
closest member/nearest)
Nearest is defined as being closest in terms of
Routing Distance/Metric Value (Hopcount)
It is an hybrid addressing type derived from Unicast
and Multicast
It is used by NDP, which is replacement of ARP
Also used to find the nearest name server, without broadcast
Assignment Methodology
IPv6 Address can be assigned in three ways:
a) Statically
b) Auto Configuration (Stateless AC)
c) DHCP version 6(Stateful)
Classification by Scope
These Three basic types are extended further
So as to define the scope and zones (deprecated)

Unicast Private, Global (Public), Loopback,

Unspecified. (RFC 2374)

Special addresses are one of the case unicast
addresses
Multicast (RFC 2526)

Anycast (RFC 2375)

 Unicast is further divided into
1. Non-Global IP Addresses (Private Addresses) -
Link-Local: Used Locally (limited scope) . Same as
APIPA. [Range FE8:: to FEB:: /10]

Site-Local: Used within an Organization as Private

Addresses. [Range FEC:: to FFF::]

2. Global IP Addresses (Public IP Addresses) -

Global Unicast: It is defined using various parameters,
since a Global IP address. [Range 2000:: to E000::]
2001 Registry Prefix /23 ISP /32 Subscriber /48 Subnet /64 Interface ID (64 -bit)
 Global Unicast Address Allocation Policy
/23 /32 /48 /64

2001 0410 Interface ID

Registry interface
ISP prefix identifier
(64 bits)
Site prefix
LAN prefix

1. If the Site (Company) needs needs more Subnets (subnet/LAN prefix),

additionally 65535 subnets can be created.
2. Router will route only the Site Local And the Global Unicast IP addresses.
Because Link Local are not routable.
Extended Unique Identifier (64-bit)

EUI-64 (64-bit) from MAC address (48-bit):

00:02:2D:02:82:34

0202:2dff:fe02:8234

The Rules are:

Insert fffe after the first 3 octets

Last 3 octets remain the same

Invert the 2nd to the last low order bit of the first
octet. (Universal/local bit)
Unicast Addressing (CONTD.)
3. Loopback used for local testing. Only one address.
[::1 or 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1]
4. Unspecified Used when Interface doent have any IP
address and tries to acquire it dynamically. [:: or all 0s]

5. Special Addresses (Used in Migration)

::A.B.C.D IPv4-compatible IPv6 address
(address is used on devices that support both IPv4 and IPv6
both)
::FFFF:a.b.c.d IPv4-mapped IPv6 address (4to6)
(used by IPv6 routers and devices to identify non-IPv6 capable
devices)
IPv6 Multicast Addressing
IPv6 multicast addresses are routable
Special multicast IPv6 address
FF02::1 - All-nodes multicast address (used by Hosts)
FF02::2 - All-routers multicast address (used by Routers)
FF02::5, FF02::6 OSPF Messages
FF02::9 RIPng Messages
FF02::A EIGRP Messages

Low-order 32 bits, are mapped to a unique Ethernet MAC

address (RFC 2373)
IPv6 Anycast Addressing
Anycast is an hybrid address derived from unicast
and multicast.
It also uses its range from unicast addresses.
Anycast addresses can be used only by a router,
not a host, and anycast addresses must not be
used as the source address of an IPv6 packet.
Transition From IPv4-IPv6
There are three techniques used for IPv4-IPv6
transition:
(1) dual-stack techniques, to allow IPv4 and IPv6 to co-exist
in the same devices and networks.
(2) tunneling techniques, allows IPv6 systems to
communicate with other IPv6 systems over an IPv4
backbone. Uses NAT-PT
(3) translation techniques, to allow IPv6-only devices to
communicate with IPv4-only devices. Uses IPv4-
mapped-Ipv6 address (::FFFF:a.b.c.d)

All of these can be used, in combination

IPv6 Routing
IPv6 Routing Types:
Static Routing
Default Routing
Dynamic Routing
Dynamic Routing has different sub-types:
Distance Vector Routing Protocol RIPng
Link State Routing Protocol OSPFv3
Hybrid Routing Protocol EIGRPv6

RIPng: Routing Information Protocol, Next Generation

for IPng
Routing Protocols
RIPng:
Works on 521-UDP port
Multicast Address used is FF02::9
All features are same as IPv4 RIPv2

EIGRPv6:
Works on 88-IP protocol Number
Multicast Address used is FF02::A
All features are same as IPv4, EIGRP.

OSPFv3:
Works on 89-IP protocol Number
Multicast Address used is FF02::5( for broadcast to all) & FF02::6(for multicast
to Designated Router)
All features are same as IPv4, OSPF.
Applications
Mobile devices
PDAs

Mobile phones

Tablet PCs

Gaming
Voice/Video
Security Monitoring
Appliances
IP Allocation Strategy
Thank You!