Strengthening methods

Introduction to strengthening

Strengthening mechanisms

Strengthening of columns
FRP composite (CFRP)
Concrete jacketing
Steel casing

Strengthening of foundation
Concrete jacketing for footing
Micro piles for underpinning
Raft foundation

Comparison between strengthening methods

Safety consideration
Cost
 Introduction to strengthening
Plastic deformation occurs when large numbers of dislocation move
and multiply so as to result in macroscopic deformation
in other words.
it is the movement of dislocations in the material which
allows for deformation

What is strengthening
its Methods have been devised to modify the yield strength, ductility,
and toughness of both crystalline and amorphous materials.
 Strengthening mechanisms
Work hardening
is the strengthening of a material by plastic deformation.

The primary species responsible for work hardening are dislocations

Dislocations interact with each other by generating stress fields in the material.
dislocation line entanglement occurs, causing the formation of a jog which
opposes dislocation motion. These entanglements and jogs act as pinning
points, which oppose dislocation motion.

there is a correlation between dislocation density and yield strength

Increasing the dislocation density increases the yield strength which results in
a higher shear stress required to move the dislocations
 Strengthening of columns
FRB composites
(CFRP) Steel casing

Concrete jacketing
 1.FRP composites
GFRP (Glass fiber) HFRP (Hybrid fiber) AFRP (aramid
fiber)

CFRP (carbon fiber)

 What is FRP?

FRP is a composite or combination of two or

more materials to form a new and useful
material with enhanced properties in
comparison to the individual constituents
High-strength fibers
FRPs consist of:
1. Fibers
2. Matrix

Polymer matrix
 Why use FRP composites ?

(1) (2)
FIBER PROPERTIES FIBER PROPERTIES
(TENSILE STRENGTH) (STRAIN TO FAILURE)

Alum 20 Alum 0.2

Steel 60 Steel 0.16
S-Glass 625 S-Glass 5
Carbon 530 E-Glass 4.8
Aramid 525 Aramid 2.8
E-Glass 500 Carbon 1.4

0 200 400 600 800 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

x103 psi (%)
 Why use FRP composites ? (cont)

(3) (4)
FIBER PROPERTIES FIBER PROPERTIES
(CTE Longitudinal) (TENSILE MODULUS)

14 12.6 Alum 10

12 Steel 29
x10-6/0C

10
Carbon 33.5
8 6.5
6 5 Aramid 19
4 2.9
S-Glass 12.6
2 0.5
E-Glass 10.5
0
-2 Aramid Carbon S-Glass E-Glass Steel Alum 0 10 20 30 40
-2
-4
106 psi
 Column confinement using CFRP
(the mechanism)

1 2 3

Internal reinforcing
steel Concrete
FRP wrap
flFR
Concrete P
shortens

FRP and places it in

and dilates confines the triaxial stress
concrete
Column confinement using CFRP
(the mechanism) cont

If the lateral expansion is

constrained by means of a rigid
material, the concrete will be
able to take additional axial
loads.
 But !!! Why CFRP ?
Because :
-lower weight : construction weight is not increased so inertial forces due to
seismically action do not become greater

-increase of shear strength: allows the leading of fracture to a ductile Failure

mechanism

-increase of ultimate deformation: hysteretic dissipated energy become greater.

-lower execution duration

-lower noses

-lower cost
 And ..
Carbon

Aramid

E-Glass

13
 ULTIMATE
STRENGTH

5000 Mpa

4000 Mpa

3000 Mpa

2000 Mpa

1000 Mpa

Glas Basalt Aramid Carbon

s
 EMODULU
S

HighModulus
500 GPa

400 GPa

300 GPa
LowModulus
200 GPa

100 GPa

Glas Basalt Aramid Carbon

s