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qconv,air
qemit
qsun
qcond,insulator
Insulator
qcond,panel Panelmetal
Heat transfer modes
Three heat transfer modes in a solar collector:
Radiation
: solar irradiation
: emitted radiant energy from the panel
Convection
, : heat loss due to wind
, : heat transfer to the flow medium
throughout tube wall
Conduction
, : heat transfer inside the metal panel
, : heat loss to the insulator from the panel
Conduction
Definition:
The transfer of energy from the more energetic to the less energetic
particles (atoms or molecules ) of a substance due to interactions
between the particles without bulk motion.
= "
Knowledge of convective heat transfer needs to know both fluid mechanics and
heat transfer
Convection
Newtons cooling/heating law:
= " = ( )
= (, )
(Thermal) Radiation
Definition:
Energy is emitted by matter via electromagnetic waves with the
wavelengths ranging between the long-wave fringe ultraviolet
(UV, 10-1m) and far infrared (IR, 103m).
Absorption (G )
Transmission (G )
G = G + G + G
G G G transmitivity
or 1= + + =++
G G G
reflectivity absorptivity
Emissivity
Defined as the ratio of the radiant energy rate emitting from a
blackbody under identical condition
a) Monochromatic (or spectral) , directional emissivity
emitted
, (,,,)
, , , , = , (,)
intensity
blackbody
0 < 2
0
2
Spherical coordinate
Emissivity
b) Monochromatic, hemispherical emissivity
2 2 2 2
0 0 , 0 0 , ,
, = =
2 2 , (,)
0 0 ,
1 2 2
= , (T)
= 0 , (, , , )
0
=
4
=
> 0.9
1.0
< 0.1
0
0.1 3
()
equinox
solstice solstice
Elliptic Orbit
equinox
Between the Sun and the Earth
Source of Solar Energy
Position of the Sun (view from Earth)
Source of Solar Energy
light).
Solar Constant
Entry point into atmosphere
Intensity ~ 1350W/m2
Solar Radiation Spectrum
Source of Solar Energy
Solar Radiation Budget (to Earth)
Source of Solar Energy
Factors affect the Solar intensity
Source of Solar Energy
Latitude
Altitude
Atmospheric transparency
No pollution
Inexhaustible
Contribution to energy supply and CO2 reduction
The annual collector yield of the world was 109,713 GWh
(394,968 TJ). This corresponds to an oil equivalent of 12.4
million tons and an annual avoidance of 39.4 million tons
of CO2.
The annual collector yield of Taiwan was 918 GWh (3306
TJ). This corresponds to an oil equivalent of 101,780 tons
and an annual avoidance of 322,393 tons of CO2.
Weiss, Werner, I. Bergmann, and G. Faninger. Solar Heat WorldwideMarkets and Contribution to the
Energy Supply 2008. International Energy Agency, 2010.
Advantages of using Solar Energy
Application of Solar Energy
Photovoltaic (PV)
Solar cell
Solar cooling
Working fluid
Solar Radiation Solar Thermal Energy
Solar collector
thermal energy
working fluid
Types of Solar Collectors
Solar Thermal Energy
Collectors and working temperature
Low temperature
Medium
temperature
High temperature
Flat-plate collector
Solar Thermal Energy
Weiss, Werner, and Matthias Rommel. Process Heat Collectors. Vol. 33, 2008.
Evacuated tube collector
Solar Thermal Energy
http://polarsolar.com/blog/?p=171
Parabolic trough collector
Solar Thermal Energy
User
User
Passive
(Thermosyphon)
User User
Active
Heat
exchanger
Solar Water Heater
Solar Thermal Energy
Installation direction
For northern hemisphere Facing south
For southern hemisphere Facing north
L=local latitude
Large-scale system
Dormitory hot water
Swimming pool
Active cooling
Use PV panel to generate electricity for driving a
conventional air conditioner
Use solar thermal collectors to provide thermal energy for
driving a thermally driven chiller Solar thermal cooling
Passive cooling
Solar thermal ventilation
Solar Thermal Cooling
Solar Thermal Energy
1 "Renewable Energy Essentials: Solar Heating and Cooling," International Energy Agency, 2009.
2 B.W. Koldehoff and D. Grisried, "Solar Thermal & Solar Cooling in Germany," Management.
Solar Thermal Cooling
Solar Thermal Energy
Active cooling
Use solar thermal collectors to provide thermal energy for
driving thermally driven chillers.
Cooling distribution
Chiller
Solar Thermal Cooling
Solar Thermal Energy
QL QL
Qg
high pressure vapor high pressure vapor
condenser condenser
We desorption
compressor expansion We expansion
valve (switch) valve
absorption
evaporator Qa
evaporator
QC
low pressure vapor
QC low pressure vapor
COPelect=QC/We COPthermal=QC/Qg
COPelect=QC/We
Solar Thermal Cooling
Solar Thermal Energy
Henning, H. Solar assisted air conditioning of buildings an overview. Applied Thermal Engineering 27, no. 10 (July 2007): 1734-1749.
Solar Thermal Cooling
Solar Thermal Energy
A. Napolitano, "Review on existing solar assisted heating and cooling installations," 28.04.2010 Workshop rhus, Denmark ABSORPTION, 2010.
Solar Thermal Cooling
Solar Thermal Energy
D. Mugnier, "Refrigeration Workshop Market analysis Market actors Systems costs Politics : incentives & lobbying Conclusion Introduction,"
28.04.2010 Workshop rhus, Denmark ABSORPTION, 2010.
Solar Thermal Cooling
Solar Thermal Energy
D. Mugnier, "Refrigeration Workshop Market analysis Market actors Systems costs Politics : incentives & lobbying Conclusion Introduction,"
28.04.2010 Workshop rhus, Denmark ABSORPTION, 2010.
Solar Thermal Cooling
Solar Thermal Energy
Reduction of -40%
Summary, Executive, Werner Weiss, and Peter Biermayr. Potential of Solar Thermal in Europe - Executive Summary, 2009.
Restrictions in Using Solar Energy
Geographical aspects
Financial aspects
Geographical Aspects
Restrictions in Using Solar Energy
50C 23C
l kcal
Q 60 5 person 1
person day kg C
50C 23C
kg kcal
60 5 person 1
person day kg C
kcal
8100
day
Example 2
A solar water heater is equipped with an effective collect area
of 1m2, and the daily cumulative insolation onto the collector
is 4 kWh/m2-day in February.
If the average efficiency of the solar water heater is 0.5, how
many kilo-calories (kcal) of heat can be collected by this solar
water heater during a day?
kWh
Qc 4 1 m 2
0.5
m day
2
kJ 1
3600 s kcal
kWh kJ
2 2 s 7200 7200 4.186
day day day day
kcal
1720
day
Example 3
The minimum heat demand is 8100 kcal/day, and there is a
certain solar panel which can offer a heat supply of 1720
kcal/m2 in a day. With the absence of auxiliary heating device,
calculate the required installation area of the solar panel.
If the effective arer of this solar panel is 0.8 m2 /piece, how
many pieces of solar panel should be installed to collect this
heat demand?
Answer 3
Q Demand Heat
Q
A Qc Heat provided from collector per m 2
Qc A Effective collector area
8100 kcal
day
A 4.764m 2
1720 kcal
m 2 day
4.764m 2
2
5.955 6 pieces
0.8m
Example 4
From meteorological data, the average daily accumulative
insolation in Tainan is 420 ly/day (i.e., langley / day).
For a solar collector that faces south with a area of 2 m2 and
tilt angle of 0 degree, what is the daily accumulative insolation
onto the collector surface? (in kWh and kcal, respectively)
(Note: ly = Langley = cal/cm2).
Answer 4
ly cal
420 2 m2 420 2 2 m2
day cm day
1
kcal kcal
(1) 420 1000
2 m2 4200
1
10000m day
2
day