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On
Indian Sugar Industry
Submitted by:
Anshul Rohit
CONTENTS
Part A- About Sugar Industry
Executive summary
Introduction
History
Manufacturing Process
Types of sugar
Sugar Brokers
Sugar Producers
The Indian domestic sugar market is one of the largest markets in the
world, in volume terms. India is also the second largest sugar producing
geography. India remains a key growth driver for world sugar, growing
above the Asian and world consumption growth average. Globally, in
most of the key geographies like Brazil and Thailand, regulations have a
significant influence on the sugar sector. Perishable nature of cane, small
farm landholdings and the need to influence domestic prices; all have
been the drivers for regulations. In India, too, sugar is highly regulated.
Since 1993, the regulatory environment has considerably eased, but
sugar still continues to be an essential commodity under the Essential
Commodity Act. There are regulations across the entire value chain land
demarcation, sugarcane price, sugarcane procurement, sugar production
and sale of sugar by mills in domestic and international markets.
Brazils sugar production, as one of the lowest cost sugar producers with
considerable capacity to expand sugar cane area on a large scale, along
with the projected growth in ethanol production, will be key
determinants of global sugar production, which is projected to reach
over 209 Mt in 2020-21. Government policies that intervene in sugar
markets, and production cycles in some major cane producing countries
of Asia, will continue to influence world sugar production and price
volatility over the longer term. World sugar consumption is expected to
grow at a lower average rate over the longer term in response to higher
prices to reach 207 Mt in 2020-21.
A Balanced Diet
A balanced diet can come from a variety of different foods, calculated to
give the desired levels of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and
minerals. Nutritional scientists advocate that carbohydrates should
provide at least 50% of over energy requirements
History
The history of sugar has five main phases:
1. The extraction of sugar cane juice from the sugar cane plant and
the subsequent domestication of the plant in tropical Southeast
Asia many thousands of years ago (a firm date is unknown).
2. The invention of manufacture of cane sugar granules from the
sugar cane juice in India a little over two thousand years ago,
followed by improvements in refining the crystal granules in India
in the early centuries AD.
3. The spread of cultivation and manufacture of cane sugar to the
medieval Islamic world together with some up scaling of
production methods.
4. The spread of cultivation and manufacture of cane sugar to the
West Indies and tropical parts of the Americas beginning in the
16th century, followed by more intensive up scaling of production
in the 17th through 19th centuries in that part of the world.
5. The development of beet sugar, high fructose corn syrup and other
sweeteners in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Its cultivation was not introduced into Europe until the middle-ages,
when it was brought to Spain by Arabs. Columbus took the plant, dearly
held, to the West Indies, where it began to thrive in a most favourable
climate.
It was not until the eighteenth century that sugarcane cultivation was
began in the United States, where it was planted in the southern climate
of New Orleans. The very first refinery was built in New York City
around 1690; the industry was established by the 1830s. Earlier attempts
to create a successful industry in the U.S. did not fare well; from the late
1830s, when the first factory was built. Until1872, sugar factories
closed down almost as quickly as they had opened. It was 1872 before a
factory, built in California, was finally able to successfully produce
sugar in a profitable manner. At the end of that century, more than thirty
factories were in operation in the U.S.
Manufacturing Process
Since cane is not transported to any great extent, the quality of the cane
that a factory receives depends on its location and is outside its control.
The length of the crushing season also depends upon location with the
maximum being in south India.
Sugarcane in India is used to make sugar, khandsari or gur. However,
sugar products produced worldwide are divided into four basic
categories: granulated, brown, liquid sugar and invert sugar.
Granulated Sugar
There are many different types of granulated sugar. Most of these are
used only by food processors and professional bakers and are not
available in the supermarket. The types of granulated sugars differ in
crystal size. Each crystal size provides unique functional characteristics
that make the sugar appropriate for the food processor's special need.
Fruit Sugar
Fruit sugar is slightly finer than "regular" sugar and is used in dry mixes
such as gelatin desserts, pudding mixes and drink mixes. Fruit sugar has
a more uniform crystal size than "regular" sugar. The uniformity of
crystal size prevents separation or settling of smaller crystals to the
bottom of the box, an important quality in dry mixes and drink mixes.
Bakers Special
Bakers Specials crystal size is even finer than that of fruit sugar. As its
name suggests, it was developed specially for the baking industry.
Bakers Special is used for sugaring doughnuts and cookies as well as in
some commercial cakes to produce fine crumb texture.
Coarse Sugar
The crystal size of coarse sugar is larger than that of "regular" sugar.
Coarse sugar is normally processed from the purest sugar liquor. This
processing method makes coarse sugar highly resistant to colour change
or Inversion (natural breakdown to fructose and glucose) at high
temperatures. These characteristics are important in making fondants,
confections and liquors.
Sanding Sugar
Another large crystal sugar, sanding sugar, is used mainly in the baking
and confectionery industries to sprinkle on top of baked goods. The
large crystals reflect light and give the product a sparkling appearance.
Sugar produced in India is mainly of granulated type. Granulated sugar
is further classified in to various types based on colour and grain size.
According to the Indian Standards Specifications (ISI), there are around
20 grades of sugar based on the grain size and colors. The colour series
has four grades designated as 30,29,28 and 27, while the grain size has
five grades namely A, B, C, D, E. Bulk of production in the country is of
C, D and E grains, branded as large, medium and small and has colour
specification of 30. The D grade produced in the country is comparable
to world standards.
Demerara Sugar
Popular in England, Demerara sugar is a light brown sugar with large
golden crystals which are slightly sticky. It is often used in tea, coffee or
on top of hot cereals.
Liquid Sugars
Liquid sugars were developed before today's methods of sugar
processing made transport and handling granulated sugars practical.
There are several types of liquid sugar. Liquid sucrose(sugar) is
essentially liquid granulated sugar and can be used in products wherever
dissolved granulated sugar might be used. Amber liquid sucrose (sugar)
is darker in color and can be used where the cane sugar flavor is
desirable and the non-sugars are not a problem in the product.
Invert Sugar
Inversion or chemical breakdown of sucrose results in invert sugar, an
equal mixture of glucose and fructose. Available commercially only in
liquid form, invert sugar is sweeter than granulated sugar. One form of
liquid invert was specially developed for the carbonated beverage
industry and can be used only in liquid products. This liquid sugar is
actually part invert sugar combined with part dissolved granulated sugar.
Another type, named total invert sugar syrup, is commercially processed
and is almost completely invert sugar. It is used mainly in food products
to retard crystallization of sugar and retain moisture.
Sugar Brokers
Sugar Brokers &
Wholesalers Address Phone Number
76, Rajammal
AR Layout,
+ 91 - 422 -
Chocklingam Coimbatore - 641 2470687
Chettiar & Sons 001
Tamil Nadu, India
113, Subbiah
Mudaliar Street,
Kesajee + 91 - 422 -
Coimbatore - 641
Corporation 2395605
001,
Tamil Nadu, India
11 / 33A,
Thadagam Road,
Lakshmi Sugar Edayarpalayam, + 91 - 422 -
Merchant Coimbatore - 641 2401028
025
Tamil Nadu, India
79, Subbiah
Mudaliar Street,
P N Nelson + 91 - 422 -
Coimbatore - 641
Agency 2395454
001,
Tamil Nadu, India
Central Co-Op
Bank Building,
Tamil Nadu Co-
State Bank Road, + 91 - 422 -
Op Sugar
Coimbatore - 641 2300573
Federation
018
Tamil Nadu, India
23 / 63, Subaiyah
Mudaliyar Street,
+ 91 - 422 -
V Hirachand Coimbatore - 641
2392993
001,
Tamil Nadu , India
438, Rangai
Gowder Street,
+ 91 - 422 -
Vellingiri & Co Coimbatore - 641
2391019
001,
Tamil Nadu, India
Sugar Mill Machinery
Sugar Mill
Address Phone Number
Machinery Mfrs
167, Thirumalayam
Palayam,
Ettimadai Pirivu,
Aeromen Engg Co + 91 - 422 - 2656495
Coimbatore - 641
105,
Tamil Nadu, India
29-D, Dharapuram
Road,
Krishna Industries Udumalpet - 641 + 91 - 4252 - 223879
126
Tamil Nadu, India
12 / 15,
Ammankulam
Murthy Industries Street, + 91 - 422 - 2654271
Coimbatore - 641
107,
Tamil Nadu, India
761, Marapallam
Madukkarai,
R K Industries Coimbatore - 641 + 91 - 422 - 2622378
105,
Tamil Nadu, India
45, N Gounder
Street,
Sakthi Sugars Ltd + 91 - 4259 - 223935
Pollachi - 642 001
Tamil Nadu, India
1276, Mettupalayam
Sri Sujay Road,
Engineering Coimbatore - 641 + 91 - 422 - 2442430
Products 043,
Tamil Nadu, India
54, Sowripalayam
Road,
Sri Vijayalakshmi
Coimbatore - 641 + 91 - 422 - 2316202
Industries
028,
Tamil Nadu, India
Sugar Producers
This is some of the sugar mills in India which produce a finished sugar.
23 / 63 Subbiah
Mudaliyar Street,
Hirachand V &
Coimbatore - 641 + 91 - 422 - 2392983
Ottagee Sugars
001,
Tamil Nadu, India
95-A, Vyshnav
Complex, Race
Course ,
Sakthi Sugars Ltd + 91 - 422 - 2211060
Coimbatore - 641
004,
Tamil Nadu, India
1127, R G Street,
Velan Distributors Coimbatore - 641
+ 91 - 422 - 2397733
(P) Ltd 001,
Tamil Nadu, India
Part-B
Source: FOA
Source: ISMA
Source: ISMA
Central and state government price support
policies for sugarcane
Government has been increasing SMP over the years except for
2008-09. Sugarcane production remained stable for three years
after record output in 2006-07. Stable SMP from 2006 to 2008-
09 and stagnant rainfall kept production lower. The sugar prices
started rallying from 2008 followed by fall in output in 2008-09.
It is observed that in 2009-10, production showed marginal rise,
despite huge increase in SMP (32.7%), because of fall in rainfall
(down by 20.5 percent from normal). The sugar cane output
estimated to increase by over 15 percent in 2010-11, favoured
by higher SMP and better rainfall. So, SMP and rainfall has
direct impact on production, but rainfall seems to be more
influential factor.
Levy sugar
Non-levy (free sale)
o http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx
o http://agricoop.nic.in/Agristatistics.htm
o http://dacnet.nic.in/eands/costofcultivation.pdf
o http://eaindustry.nic.in/
o www.sugarindustry.com
o http://coopsugar.org/notification.php