SDH Networking and Protection ISSUE 1.12

SDH Networking and
Protection
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

References
SDH Principle
ITU-T Recommendation G.841 (Oct, 1998) Types and

characteristics of SDH network protection architectures
ITU-T Recommendation G.810 (Aug, 1996) Definitions and

terminology for synchronization networks ITU-T Recommendation
G.803
ITU-T Recommendation G.803 (Aug, 2003) Architecture of

transport networks based on the synchronous digital hierarchy
(SDH)
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the common SDH network topology and features
Explain the protection mechanism
Contents
1. SDH Network Topologies
2. Survivable networks and their protection mechanisms
Contents
1.1 Optical networking introduction
1.2 Classification of topologies
1.3 Sub-networks
Optical Networking Introduction
An SDH network consists of Network Elements (NE)
interconnected with optical fiber.
The geometrical layout of the NEs and optical transmission

lines is called the network topology.
The efficiency, reliability and the cost performance of a

network highly depend on its topology.
Classification of Topologies
Chain
Star
Tree
Ring
Mesh
Classification of Topologies (Cont.)
Chain network (Point-to-point or point-to-multi-point network)
In a chain network, all nodes are connected one after another

on a line with both ends open.
NE A NE B NE C NE D
Chain network is used when the networks nodes are arranged

in a long line.
e. g. along railway lines, highways, power supply lines, etc.
Star network
In a star network there is a central node to which the other

nodes are directly connected. There are no direct links
between other nodes.
NE B NE E
NE A
NE C NE D
Star network is mainly used in access networks or rural

telephone networks in which nodes are scattered here and
there and the traffics are not important.
Tree network
A tree network can be considered as a combination of the

chain and star topologies.
NE A
NE B NE E
NE C NE D
Tree network is mostly used for broadcasted services like

CATV.
Ring network
Ring network is such a structure in which all nodes are

connected one after another to form a circle.
NE A
NE B NE E
NE C NE D
Ring network is widely used in SDH networking due to its high

survivability.
Mesh network
Mesh network is such a structure in which many nodes are

interconnected together via direct links.
NE A
NE B NE E
NE C NE D
Mesh network is suitable for the regions with large amount of

traffic and for high hierarchy communication networks.
Other possible combination networks
Sub-network
Sub-network
In backbone networks or large region networks, there are a
large number of NEs and links. In order to simplify the network
management, a large network can be divided into several sub-
networks according to the administrative regions.
A sub-network functions as a container. It can include NEs,

links and even lower level sub-networks.
Sub-network (Cont.)
Subnet
Sub-network A Sub-network D
Sub-network B Sub-network C
Contents
Contents
2.1 Survivable networks introduction
2.2 Types of protection
Survivable Networks Introduction
Causes of network failures
Accidents: Cable/fiber cuts
Human errors: Incorrect maintenance, installation,
Environmental hazards: Floods, fire,
Sabotages: Physical, electronic,
Operational disruptions: Schedule upgrade, maintenance,

power outage,
Hardware/software failures: Line unit failure, faulty laser,

software crash
Survivable Networks Introduction
(Cont.)
Survivable networks can restore traffic in the event of a failure
Requirements for survivability of network includes

Robust equipment (Strong cross-connect capability, intelligent nodes)
Security (Physical, electronic)
Design networks with enough resource
Redundant routes as standby routes
Fast failure detection and fast traffic rerouting to redundant routes
No human intervention
Types of Protection
Line
1+1 linear MS
M:N linear MS
Ring
Multiplex section protection (MSP)
2-fiber bidirectional MSP Ring (2f-MS SPRing)
2-fiber unidirectional MSP Ring (2f-MS SPRing)
4-fiber bidirectional MSP Ring (4f-MS SPRing)
Path protectionPP
2-fiber unidirectional Path Protection Ring
2-fiber bidirectional Path Protection Ring
Node
Sub-network connection protection (SNCP)
Line Protection
Use in point-to-point or chain networks
Switch is within two interconnected nodes
Working Channels
NE A NE B NE C NE D
Protection Channels
Linear 1+1 MS
Traffic source node sends the traffic on both working and protection
channels (Concurrent sending).
Traffic sink node receives the traffic from working channel (Selective
receiving).
When the working channel fails, traffic sink node switches to receive
the traffic from protection channel
NE A NE B
Linear 1+1 MS (Cont.)
Switching Modes
Single-ended (Unidirectional)
Dual-ended (Bidirectional)
Restoration Modes
Revertive (WTR Default: 600 sec)
Non-revertive
Automatic Protection Switch (APS) protocol is not required

when Single-ended and Non-revertive are selected.
Linear M:N MS
M Protection channels N Working channels
Switching Switching Switching
Switching NE A NE B
Protection Channel
Working Channel 1
Working Channel 2
Working Channel N
Extra traffic
Normal traffic
Linear M:N MS (Cont.)
Switching mode:
Bidirectional switching
Restoration mode:
Revertible mode
Line Protection
Line protection types
Linear 1+1 MS
Linear M:N (M=1)
Protection switch criteria:

Signal Fail (SF): R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC.
Signal Degrade (SD): B2_SD.
Externally initiated protection switching command
Network Capacity:
1+1 linear MS: 1 x STM-N.
1:N linear MS without extra traffic: N x STM-N.
1:N linear MSP system with extra traffic: (1+N) x STM-N.
Questions
Which linear protection type switches the fastest?
Which type can carry extra traffic?
Ring Protection
Ring protection types:
Path protection (PP)
Multiplex section protection (MSP)
Traffic directions:
Unidirectional (PP Diversely routed, MSP Dedicated)
Bidirectional (PP Uniformly routed, MSP Shared)
Number of fiber:
2 fiber
4 fiber
Two-fiber Multiplex Section Shared
Protection Ring (2f-MS SPRing)
Fiber connection and slots
requirements:
A
2 fibers
Line boards must be inserted
in dual slots B
Left line board W
Right line board E

OUT
C
IN
2f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Working channel (S): VC4 #1 ~ VC4 #8 Protection channel (P): VC4 #9 ~ VC4 #16
S1 NE A P2
S2 P1
2f-MSSPRing NE D
NE B
STM-16
NE C
Exploded view of one fiber for STM-16 in 2f-MSSPRing
Section
overheads VC-4 #1
VC-4 #2
Working VC-4 #3
VC-4 #4
channels (S) VC-4 #5
VC-4 #6
VC-4 #7 Fiber
VC-4 #8
VC-4 #9
Protection VC-4 #10
VC-4 #11
channels (P) VC-4 #12
VC-4 #13
VC-4 #14
VC-4 #15
VC-4 #16
Normal traffic flow between NE A & NE C
S1
NE A
2f-MS SPRing
NE B NE D
STM-16
S2
NE C
Switched traffic flow between NE A & NE C
P2
NE A
Bridge &
P1
Switch
2f-MS SPRing
NE B NE D
STM-16
S2 Pass-through
NE C
S1 P2
When fiber is repaired, traffic switches back to working channels
after WTR time
S1
NE A
2f-MS SPRing
NE B NE D
STM-16
S2
NE C
Protection switching trigger conditions:
APS
Signal Failure (SF): R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC (Default)
Signal Degrade (SD): B2_SD (Optional)
Externally initiated protection switching command

Forced switch
Manual switch
Exercise switch
Protection switching restoration:

APS
Clearing of SF: R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC
Clearing of SD: B2_SD
WTR (Wait to Restore): 10 minutes (5-12 minutes provisionable)
External commands
Clearing of Forced switch
Clearing of Manual switch
APS controller:
Processes APS protocol, which is carried in the K1, K2 bytes.
Transition of APS controller status
I = Idle
I P = Pass-through
I I S = Switching
I
WTR = Wait to Restore
S WTR
S P WTR P
P P
Features of 2f-MSSPRing:
Advantages:
Time slots can be reused
High network capacity: x M x STM-N
M is the number of nodes on the ring, STM-N is the STM level
Disadvantages:
Mechanism is complicated
Maximum number of nodes on one ring is limited to 16
Application:
Mainly for STM-4 and STM-16 or above systems
Scattered traffic distribution
Four-fiber Multiplex Section Shared
Protection Ring (4f-MS SPRing)
Structure:
4 fibers
Working channels (fibers) S1, S2, carry normal traffic
Protection channels (fibers) P1, P2, protect normal traffic
A F E
S1
S2
P1
P2
B C D
Traffic flow when network is normal:
Working channels = S1, S2
Protection channels = P1, P2
A F E
AD
S1
DA
S2
P1
P2
B C D DA
AD
Traffic flow after only the working channel (s) is (are)
broken :
Span switching
A F E
AD
S1
DA S2
P1
P2
B C D DA
AD
Traffic flow after the working and protection channels are
broken:
Ring switching
A F E
AD
S1
DA S2
P1
P2
B C D DA
AD
Protection switching trigger conditions:
Automatic protection switching: Ring or Span
SF (Signal Failure): R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC
SD (Signal Degrade): B2_SD
External initiated protection switching: Ring or Span
Forced switch
Manual switch
Exercise switch
Protection switching restoration:
Automatic protection switching: Ring or Span
Clear of SF (Signal Failure): R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC
Clear of SD (Signal Degrade): B2_SD
WTR (Wait to Restore): 10 minutes (5-12 minutes provisionable)
External command: Ring or Span
Clear of Forced switch
Clear of Manual switch
APS controller status:

Idle
Switching
Pass-through
WTR
Features of 4f_MSSPRing:
Advantages:
Time slots can be reused
High network capacity: M*STM-N
Disadvantages:
Maximum number of nodes on one ring is limited to 16
Mechanism is complicated
Expensive
Application:
Mainly STM-16 or above system
Scattered traffic distribution
Backbone system
Summary
MSP ring 2f_MSSPRing 4f_MSSPRing
APS protocol necessary
Nodes number on MSP ring 16
Similarity SCC unit configures MSP protocol
Dual slots
Bidirectional and dispersed traffics
M*STM-N/2 capacity M*STM-N capacity
(without extra traffic) (without extra traffic)

Difference
Unique span switch
K1 & K2 bytes are in the protection fiber
Two-fiber Unidirectional Path Protection Ring
(Diversely Routed PP Ring)
Traffic transmit and
Concurrent sending
2M
receive conditions in in out
normal situation. out in

A
out in out in
B PP Ring D
in out in out
C
in out
out in
Selective receiving
2M
Diversely routed pp ring
Traffic transmit and
Concurrent sending
2M
receive conditions in in out
fiber failure situation. out in

A
out in out in
B PP Ring D
in out in out
C
in out
out in
Switching
Selective receiving
2M
Diversely routed pp ring
Protection switching trigger conditions
TU_AIS, TU_LOP, BIP_EXC
Features:
Every path (2M) switches independently.
Restoration mode is revertive.
Questions
Concurrent sending
2M
Can the services in out
between stations out in

A
A and E be out in out in
protected? B PP D
in out in out
C
in out
out in
STM-N
Will the services be selectively E

received here?
2M
Node protection
Node protection type:
Subnetwork connection protection (SNCP)
Protection features:
Traffic transmit end sends concurrently, receive end receives selectively
2 fiber unidirectional traffic (Diversely routed)
1 + 1 single-ended protection
Protection switching criteria:

Signal fail (SF)
Signal degrade (SD)
Externally initiated command
Subnetwork connection protection
(SNCP)
Sub-Network 1
Working
SNC SNC SNC
Starting Termination
Node Node
Protection
NE A SNC NE E
Sub-Network 2 Selector
Working channel
Protection channel
Switch Bridge Switch Bridge

Traffic out Traffic in Traffic out Traffic in
Normal condition Failure in working channel
SNCP (cont.)
Concurrent sending
2M
Traffic transmit and in out
receive conditions in out in

A
normal situation. out in out in
B SNCP Ring D
in out in out
C
in out
Sub-Network 1
Sub-Network 2
out in
STM-N
Selective receiving
2M
SNCP (cont.)
Concurrent sending
2M
Traffic transmit and in out
receive conditions out in

A
in fiber failure out in out in
situation. B SNCP Ring D

in out in out
Sub-Network 1 C
in out
out in
STM-N Switching
Selective receiving
2M
SNCP (cont.)
Protection switching trigger conditions :
Default
AU_AIS, AU_LOP, TU_AIS, TU_LOP, HP_LOM, HP_UNEQ
B3_EXC, Unplug the line card
Optional
HP_TIM, HP_SLM, B3_SD
SNCP (cont.)
Protection Restoration:
Wait to restore time 10 minutes (5-12 minutes provisionable)
S1
S1
P1
P1
A A
B D B D
C C
switching
10 minutes later
Questions
What is the difference between unidirectional (diverse) and
bidirectional (uniform) traffics?
What is the difference between SNCP and MSP protection

schemes?
Which type of network protection can carry extra traffic?
Summary
A survivable network is capable of restoring services within
a very short time and without any human intervention in the
event of a failure.
Linear protection networks can be classified into 1+1 linear

MS and 1:N linear MS.
Ring protection networks can be classified into Path

Protection (PP) ring, Multiplex Section Protection (MSP) ring.
Sub-Network Protection (SNCP) is used for node protection.
Summary (cont.)
Item 2f_MSSPRing SNCP
APS protocol Necessary Unnecessary
Unidirectional and
Typical services Bidirectional and distributed
centralized
Switch level (objective) MS SNC services
Suitable networking Only ring Any topology
Switching implementing boards LU, XC LU, XC
Switch time 50ms 50ms
Network Capacity (without extra

K*STM-N/2 STM-N
service)
Extra traffic Supported Not supported
Summary (cont.)
Linear 2f-MS 4f-MS

Equipment PP SNCP
MS SPRing SPRing
Metro 100 Support No No No Support
Metro 200/500 Support No No Support Support
Metro 1000V2 Support Support No Support Support
Metro 1000V3/1050 Support Support No No Support
Metro 2050/3000 Support Support Support Support Support
Metro 5000, OSN

1500/2500/3500/7500/950 Support Support Support No Support
0
Thank you
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SDH Networking and

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

ITU-T Recommendation G.841 (Oct, 1998) Types and

ITU-T Recommendation G.810 (Aug, 1996) Definitions and

ITU-T Recommendation G.803 (Aug, 2003) Architecture of

Explain the protection mechanism

2. Survivable networks and their protection mechanisms

1.2 Classification of topologies

The geometrical layout of the NEs and optical transmission

The efficiency, reliability and the cost performance of a

In a chain network, all nodes are connected one after another

Chain network is used when the networks nodes are arranged

e. g. along railway lines, highways, power supply lines, etc.

In a star network there is a central node to which the other

Star network is mainly used in access networks or rural

A tree network can be considered as a combination of the

Tree network is mostly used for broadcasted services like

Ring network is such a structure in which all nodes are

Ring network is widely used in SDH networking due to its high

Mesh network is such a structure in which many nodes are

Mesh network is suitable for the regions with large amount of

A sub-network functions as a container. It can include NEs,

2. Survivable networks and their protection mechanisms

2.2 Types of protection

Human errors: Incorrect maintenance, installation,

Environmental hazards: Floods, fire,

Sabotages: Physical, electronic,

Operational disruptions: Schedule upgrade, maintenance,

Hardware/software failures: Line unit failure, faulty laser,

Requirements for survivability of network includes

Security (Physical, electronic)

Design networks with enough resource

Redundant routes as standby routes

Fast failure detection and fast traffic rerouting to redundant routes

Switch is within two interconnected nodes

Revertive (WTR Default: 600 sec)

Automatic Protection Switch (APS) protocol is not required

Linear M:N (M=1)

Protection switch criteria:

Signal Degrade (SD): B2_SD.

Externally initiated protection switching command

1:N linear MS without extra traffic: N x STM-N.

1:N linear MSP system with extra traffic: (1+N) x STM-N.

Which type can carry extra traffic?

Path protection (PP)

Multiplex section protection (MSP)

Unidirectional (PP Diversely routed, MSP Dedicated)

Bidirectional (PP Uniformly routed, MSP Shared)

Line boards must be inserted

Left line board W

Right line board E

Signal Degrade (SD): B2_SD (Optional)

Externally initiated protection switching command

Protection switching restoration:

Clearing of SD: B2_SD

WTR (Wait to Restore): 10 minutes (5-12 minutes provisionable)

Clearing of Manual switch

Transition of APS controller status

Working channels (fibers) S1, S2, carry normal traffic

Protection channels (fibers) P1, P2, protect normal traffic

Protection channels = P1, P2

SF (Signal Failure): R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC

SD (Signal Degrade): B2_SD

External initiated protection switching: Ring or Span

MSTM-N/2 capacity MSTM-N capacity