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Management
Alan Shapiro
7th Edition
J.Wiley & Sons
Power Points by
Joseph F. Greco, Ph.D.
California State University, Fullerton
1
CHAPTER 3
THE INTERNATIONAL
MONETARY SYSTEM
2
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
I. ALTERNATIVE EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEMS
II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYTEM
III. THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM AND
MONETARY UNION
IV. EMERGING MARKET CURRENCY CRISES
3
PART I. ALTERNATIVE
EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEMS
4
ALTERNATIVE EXCHANGE RATE
SYSTEMS
2. Forces influenced by
a. price levels
b. interest rates
c. economic growth
3. Rates fluctuate randomly
over time.
5
ALTERNATIVE EXCHANGE RATE
SYSTEMS
B. Managed Float (Dirty Float)
1. Market forces set rates
unless excess volatility
occurs.
2. Then, central bank determines
rate.
6
ALTERNATIVE EXCHANGE RATE
SYSTEMS
C. Target-Zone Arrangement
1. Rate Determination
7
ALTERNATIVE EXCHANGE RATE
SYSTEMS
D.Fixed Rate System
1. Rate determination
9
PART II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM
I. THE USE OF GOLD
A. Desirable properties
B. In short run: High production costs limit
changes.
C. In long run: Commodity money insures
stability.
10
A BRIEF HISTORY
II. The Classical Gold Standard
(1821-1914)
11
A BRIEF HISTORY
2. Maintenance involved the
buying and selling of gold at that
price.
14
A BRIEF HISTORY
C. Currencies devalued in 1931
- led to trade wars.
D. Bretton Woods
Conference
- called in order to avoid
future protectionist and
destructive economic policies
15
A BRIEF HISTORY
V. The Bretton Woods System (1946-1971)
16
A BRIEF HISTORY
3. Exchange rates allowed to fluctuate
by 1% above or below initially set
rates.
B. Collapse, 1971
1. Causes:
a. U.S. high inflation rate
17
A BRIEF HISTORY
V. Post-Bretton Woods System (1971-Present)
18
A BRIEF HISTORY
B. OPEC and the Oil Crisis (1973-774)
1. OPEC raised oil prices four fold;
19
A BRIEF HISTORY
4. Surpluses recycled to debtor
nations which set up debt
crisis of 1980s.
C. Dollar Crisis (1977-78)
1. U.S. B-O-P difficulties
2. Result of inconsistent
monetary policy in U.S.
20
A BRIEF HISTORY
3. Dollar value falls as confidence
shrinks.
23
PART III.
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
I. INTRODUCTION
A. The European Monetary System
(EMS)
1. A target-zone method
(1979)
2. Close macroeconomic
policy coordination required.
24
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
B. EMS Objective:
to provide exchange rate
stability to all members by
holding exchange rates
within specified limits.
25
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
C. European Currency Unit (ECU)
a cocktail of European currencies
with specified weights as the unit of
account.
26
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
27
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
2. Member Pledge:
to keep within 15%
margin above or below
the central rate.
28
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
D. EMS ups and downs
1. Foreign exchange
interventions:
failed due to lack of
support by coordinated
monetary policies.
29
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
2. Currency Crisis of Sept. 1992
a. System broke down
b. Britain and Italy
forced towithdraw
from EMS.
30
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
31
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
H. Maastricht Treaty
1. Called for Monetary
Union by 1999 (moved to
2002)
2. Established a single
currency:
the euro
32
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
3. Calls for creation of a single
central EU bank
33
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
I. Costs / Benefits of A Single Currency
A. Benefits
1. Reduces cost of doing
business
2. Reduces exchange rate
risk
34
THE EUROPEAN MONETARY
SYSTEM
B. Costs
1. Lack of national
monetary flexibility.
35
PART IV. EMERGING MARKET
CURRENCY CRISES
I. Transmission Mechanisms
A. Trade links
contagion spreads through trade
B. Financial System
-more important transmission
mechanism
-investors sell off to make up for losses
36
EMERGING MARKET CURRENCY
CRISES
II. Origins of Emerging Market Crises
A. Moral hazard
37
EMERGING MARKET CURRENCY
CRISES
III. Policy Proposals for Dealing with
Emerging Market Crises
A. Currency Controls