Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1 Introduction
General Information
Official Name: Burj Khalifa Bin Zayed
Also Known As: Burj Dubai
Built: 2004-2010
Cost: $4,100,000,000
Designed By: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Structural engineer : William F. Baker
Main contractor: Samsung C&T
Developer: Emaar Properties
Type: Skyscraper
Total Stories: 206
Inhabited Stories :106
Elevators: 57 , speed:10m/sc
Maximum Height: 2,717 Feet / 828 Meters
Total area: 4,000,000 sq.m
Location: No. 1, Burj Dubai Boulevard,
Dubai, United Arab
2. Comparison of Burj Khalifa with other
skyscrapers
Description
Burj Khalifa, the tallest man-made building
in human history, standing at 828m, is
certainly a beautiful piece of artwork,
combined with the precision in mathematics
and engineering.
Different from other skyscrapers,
Burj Khalifa is characterised by an entirely
distinctive facade, with a pointed spire on
the top of the building, accompanied by 26
helical levels. Viewed from above, the
building itself can be easily distinguished by
the special Y-shape of its cross-sections,
with the curves at each ends symbolising
the onion domes an essential element in
Islamic architecture.
2. Structural System
3. Cladding System
4. Interior Finishes
Design inspiration
The advantages of the tower shape design
The tower uses
Elevators
Design inspiration
Architectural design
LAYOUT
3
1. The three wings 1
2. Y shape
3. The central core
2 The Gradient spiral of
the tower levels
The advantages of the tower shape design
The advantages :
Foundation : The modular, Y-shaped structure,
with setbacks along each of its three wings
provides an inherently stable configuration for the
structure and provides good floor plates for
residential.
Usage : The Y-shaped plan is ideal for residential
and hotel usage, with the wings allowing maximum
outward views and inward natural light.
Nature : Gradient spiral design hinders the swirling
wind .fig.1
Top level
wind
Lower level
wind
Tower uses
Podium level1
Ground floor
Tower plans
Tower plans
Tower plans
Level 113
Level 145
Elevators
Corporate suites
Structural system material
Structural system description
The consideration loads on the tower
Structural System Material
Mat foundation
Concrete
structure
Structural System Material
central core
hammerhead walls
Fig.1
The consideration loads on the tower
The towers lateral load resisting system The link beam width typically matches the
consists of high performance, reinforced adjacent core wall thickness .
concrete ductile core walls linked to the At the top of the center reinforced
exterior reinforced concrete columns concrete core wall, a very tall spire tops the
through a series of reinforced concrete building, making it the tallest tower in the
shear wall panels at the mechanical levels. world in all categories. The lateral load
The core walls vary in thickness from resisting system of the spire consists of a
1300mm to 500mm. The core walls are diagonal structural steel bracing system
typically linked through a series of 800mm from level 156 to the top of the spire at
to 1100mm deep reinforced concrete link approximately 750 meter above the
beams at every level. ground.
These composite ductile link beams The pinnacle consists of structural steel
typically consist of steel shear plates, or pipe section varying from 2100mm
structural steel built-up I-shaped beams, diameter x 60mm thick at the base to
with shear studs embedded in the concrete 1200mm diameter x 30mm thick at the top
section. (828m).
The consideration loads on the tower:
3) Wind Load
Shape strategies to reduce excitation :
Wind Engineering in general
Softened corners Varying cross-section shape
Several wind engineering techniques
were employed into the design of the
tower to control the dynamic response
of the tower under wind loading by
disorganizing the vortex shedding
formation (frequency and direction) Porosity or openings Tapering and setbacks
along the building height and tuning
the dynamic characteristics of the
Spoilers
building to improve its dynamic
behavior and to prevent lock-in
vibration.
The consideration loads on the tower
4) Earthquake Analysis :
Dubai outside the scope of the How ever, Burj Khalifa resisted
seismic activity . earthquake of M5.8 magnitude that
Liquefaction analysis of Burj Khalifa occurred in southern Iran on July 20,
soil showed that it is not a problem 2010.
While the magnitude of this earthquake
Burj Khalifa is located in Dubai, which was diminished when it reached Dubai
is a UBC97 Zone 2a seismic region and was relatively small (less than 1milli-
(with a seismic zone factor Z = 0.15 g at BK site),
and soil profile Sc).
Curtain-Wall Detail
1. aluminum vertical mullion.
2. clear reflective insulating vision glass.
3. stainless-steel vertical fin.
4. horizontal spandrel panel.
5. concrete slab.
Curtain
The results of the test based wall wind
calculations include both maximum pressure
positive and negative pressure based diagram
on a return period of 50 years.
The largest calculated negative
+- 2.0 kpa
cladding wind pressure was 15.5kpa , +- 2.5 kpa
and the largest positive pressure was - 3.0 kpa
+
+- 3.5 kpa
+3.5kpa. +-4.0 kpa
+- 4.5 kpa
The criteria are established and the +- 4.5 kpa
contractor has completed his initial
detail design , the performance of the
curtain wall system must be proven.
The cladding system in Burj Khalifa
was tested in the position for air
infiltration , water penetration .
Interiors
The interior design of Burj
Dubai public areas was also
done by the Chicago Office of
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
and was led by award-winning
designer Nada Andric.
The interior were inspired by
local cultural while staying
mindful of the building's status
as a global icon and residence
It features glass, stainless
steel and polished dark stones,
together with silver travertine
flooring, venetian stucco walls,
handmade rugs and stone
flooring.
Section A-A
Work sequence
2 levels below
6to 8 levels below
3 levels below
Core slab
Lobby slab
Sequence of Construction
Nose slab Wing core wall Center core wall Corner slab
Figure.1
3.2 (3-day cycle) Construction plan
Sequence of Construction
Figure.2
3.2 (3-day cycle) Construction plan
Sequence of
Construction Wing wall
Center core
wall
Outer slab of
center core wall
Wing wall
Typical wing
Nose column slab
3.2 (3-day cycle) Construction plan
FIG.3
Rebar pre-fabrication
Most of the reinforcing bars for the core walls, wing
walls, and the nose columns were prefabricated at the
ground level.FIG.4
This rebar fabrication and pre-assembly method
resulted:
Quality control
Reduced the number of workers going up and
down the tower.
The rebar was assembled in double story
modules to speed up the vertical element
construction time.
FIG.4
3.2 (3-day cycle) Construction plan
Composite Link
Beam Installation
3.3 Construction Equipment
Construction Equipment :
Cranes
Tower Hoist
Concrete Pumping
Cranes
Site Logistic Plan
The Burj Dubai site area is
approximately 105,600m2 and
encompassing the tower, the office annex,
the pool annex, and the parking areas,
divided into three zones (Zone A, Zone B,
and Zone C). The site logistic works and
planning works are constantly evolving to
reflect current construction activities, lay-
down areas, site traffic circulation, etc.
South Wing
East Wing
1,000
T/C#M1
M440D 2,400x2,400
3.3 Construction Equipment
Concrete Pumping
equipment
Three major pumps were placed at the
ground level as shown in Figure 1 and 2.
Pumping line 1 situated at the center
core, with pumping lines 2, 3 and 4 at the
south, west, and east wings of the core.
An additional pumping line 5 was
located at the center core area for
emergency use. , most of the concrete
has been pumped directly to the highest
concrete elevation, that in excess of
585m.
A secondary pump at level 124 was in
place in case of an emergency situation.
The survey monitoring program ( SHM) is used in Burj Khalifa to measure the sustainability of
The tower ,during construction process , and also after tower occupation .
The monitoring program consists of sensors , which fixed at several positions at the tower
To measure the resistance load system behavior , thus sensors is connected with net work
computers to get the output data details .
Since completion of the installation of the SHM program at Burj Khalifa, most of the structural
system characteristics have been identified and included measuring the following:
Building acceleration at all levels
Building displacements at level 160M3
Wind profile along the building height at most balcony areas, including wind speed &
direction, which still needs calibration to relate to the basic wind speed.
Building dynamic frequencies, including higher modes
Expected building damping at low amplitude due to both wind and seismic events
Time history records at the base of the tower.
3.1Monitoring Program
Measured vs. predicted tower lateral movement, at towers geometric center, at every
setback level and the towers center position with time.
3.1Monitoring Program
Detailed summary of the permanent real-time Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) program
concept developed by the author for Burj Khalifa.
4.2 Fire safety system
Intermediate tank
Express fill line up
Hotel tank
Main water storage tanks (Fire and residential)
Transfer pumps
Hotel main storage tank