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Metabolism
Metabolism
Metabolism is a network of chemical reactions
carried out by living cells
Metabolites are small molecules that are
intermediates in the degradation or biosynthesis
of polymers
Anabolic reactions: synthesis of biomolecules
Catabolic reactions: degradation of biomolecules
to release smaller ones and energy
Amphibolic reactions: involved in both anabolic
and catabolic reactions.
Catabolism Anabolism
Energy-yielding nutrients Cell macromolecules
Carbohydrates Polysaccharides, Lipids,
Fats, proteins Nucleic acids, proteins
NADH
ATP ATP
Catabolism ATP
(Oxidative, Chemical energy Anabolism
Exergonic) ATP ATP NADH (Reductive,
NADH Endergonic)
Pathways of
anabolism diverge,
synthesising a variety
of biomolecules from
a limited set of
Common degradation precursor molecules;
products e.g. pryuvate can be
converted to hexoses
for polysaccharide
biosynthesis
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1. Oxidation-reduction reactions
Transfer of electrons
Reactions are catalyzed by Oxidoreductases (dehydrogenases)
Coenzymes: NAD+, NADP+, FAD+, FMN+
Electron donor Electron acceptor
(reducing agent) (oxidising agent)
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2. Ligation reactions
Form bonds by using energy from ATP cleavage
Reactions catalyzed by Ligases or Synthetase
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3. Isomerization reactions
Rearrange particular atoms within the molecule
Catalyzed by Isomerases (mutases)
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4. Group transfer reactions
Inter and intramolecular transfer of a functional group
(Phosphoryl, Acyl and Glycosyl groups)
Catalyzed by Kinases (phosphotransferase)
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5. Hydrolytic reactions
Cleave bonds by the addition of water:
Hydrolases
- esterases
- peptidases
- glycosidases
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6. Non-hydrolytic reactions
Non-hydrolytic cleavage reactions without the use of water
Carbon- Carbon bond cleavages catalysed by Lyases
Addition of functional groups to double bonds or removal of
functional groups to form double bonds
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