FACTORAFFECTINGTHE

STRENGTHOFCONCRETE

SUBMITTEDTO:Ar.VIJAYKHANNNA

SUMMITTEDBY:ASHOK

 WHATISCONCRETE?
(C.C.ORR.C.C)
Cementconcreteisamajorbuildingmaterial
usedinmodernbuildingconstruction.
Itusedinallpartsofabuildinglikefoundations,
superstructureandroofs.
Mixedwithhand,machineandRMCprovide
concreteforconstruction.
Whenreinforced(steelrods)usewithcement
concretethanwholematerialiscalledreinforced
cementconcrete.
MAINLYIN6STAGESCONCRETEHASBEEN
EFFECTIVE

1. Selectionofmaterials

2. Preparationofmixture

3. Methodofplacing

4. Settingofconcrete

5. Methodofcuring

6. Designfactor
 SELECTIONOFMATERIAL

Steel,cement,fineaggregates,coarse
aggregatesandwater
ThecurrentAmerican,Europeanand
internationalcodesandstandardsare
performancebased,usingstrength,
serviceability,anddurabilityasthemaincriteria
fordefiningandmeasuringthequalityof
constructioninoneformoranother.
Absenceofanationalcodeofpracticeand
specificationsisbigreasonforbadconstruction.

PREPARATIONOFMIXTURE

Cement1
Fineaggregates2

Coarseaggregates4

Water0.55partofweightofcement

Theratioofthesematerialsisveryimportant.
METHODOFPLACING

Concreteisplacedinmouldswhichiscalled
formworkofwood,steelandplastic.
oFormworkplaysanimportantroleinachieving
thepropershapeandfinishforRCstructures.
oFormworkalsohasadirecteffectonthecostofRC
construction.Therefore,onsmallworkswooden
planksandpropsareused.
oBleedingofconcreteisalsoproduceisbad
qualityofformwork.
oPropercompactingofc.c.
oQuantityofwateralsoeffecttheplacingc.c.
THISTYPEOFARRANGEMENT
SOMETIMESCAUSESCOLLAPSEOF
THEFORMWORK,LEADINGTOLOSS
OFLIFEANDPROPERTY.
AveryimportantfactorthataffectsthequalityofRC
constructioninIndiaistheprovisionoftherecommended
concretecoverforthesteelreinforcement.
exampleofcorrosionofslabreinforcementduetoinadequate
concretecover.Thefigureshowsthatthebottom
reinforcement,withunequalspacing,wasplaceddirectlyon
theforms,andindoingsoevenabentupbarwithachange
inorientationwasused.Thembottomsideoftheslabwas
plasteredwithcementsandplaster,whichpeeledoffwhen
thereinforcementstartedtocorrode.
 SETTINGOFCONCRETE

Theinitialstageofhardeningofconcreteafter
placinginformworkiscalledsettingofconcrete.

Settingtimeisbigroleplayinqualityof
construction.

Climateconditionarealsoeffectthestrengthof
concrete.
METHODOFCURING

Aftertheconcretehasset,itshouldcontinuously
curedforaspecified.
Cannotallowtodryout.

Cracksproduceinnotwellcuredconcrete.

7to15daystheconcretecannotcometodry
out.
With:(pondingwithwater),(coveringwithhay,
sand,jutebegs,polythenebegs),accelerated
curingbyheatingwithwetheataswithsteam
curingorwithhotwater.
DESIGNFACTOR

Inmostcases,thedesignofstructuralmembers
iscorrectlycarriedoutbyusingtheloadfactors
andstrengthreductionfactorsintheforeigncode.
However,inmanycases,thecoderequirements
formaterialsandqualitycontrolarenotexplicitly
statedonthedrawingsorintheconstruction
specifications.Detailsaboutreinforcement,
concretecover,theminimumandmaximum
numberofbarsinalayer,developmentandsplice
lengths,transversereinforcement,etc.,arenot
correctly/adequatelyshownonthedrawings.In
theabsenceofthisinformation,thecontractoris
boundtomakemistakesattheconstructionsite.
 Figureshowspartofabuildingdamaged
duringtheearthquake.Thebuildinghadnotbeen
designedtoresistearthquakeloads.Nevertheless,the
absenceoftransversereinforcementinthecolumns
seemstohavefurtheraggravatedthedamage.A
studyofcollapsed/damagedbuildingsshowsthat
althoughmostofthemhadnotbeendesignedtoresist
earthquakeloads,appropriatemeasuresregarding
detailsofreinforcementatdesignandconstruction
stagescouldhavereducedthedamageandlossoflife.
Figureshowsaresidentialbuildingdamagedin
severeenvironmentalconditionsnearthesea.The
designdetailsdidnotincludeanydurability
requirements,e.g.,increasedconcretecoverforthesteel
reinforcement,concretespecifications,orother
protectivemeasuresfortheexpectedconditions.This
resultedinareducedworkinglifeforthebuilding
ResponsibilitiesforQualityconstruction

Theclient,designconsultant,andcontractormustwork
asateamtoachievethedesiredqualityinRC
construction.Figurehighlightsthemajortasksfor
thethreepartiesintherelationshipneededforthe
successfulcompletionofabuildingprojectwiththe
desiredqualitywork.
 CONCLUSION
Thispresentationpresentedthemajorfactorsaffecting
thequalityofconcreteconstruction.

Themeasuresforimprovingconstructionqualityhave
beenpresentedbyconsideringtherelationshipbetween
designandconstructionaswellastheresponsibilitiesof
theclient,theconsultantandcontractor.

Qualitycontrolisanimportantaspectofthe
constructionprocessthatensuresthatthematerials
withdesignpropertiesareactuallydeliveredandused
atthesite.
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