Industrial Training Presentation

National Capital Power

Station
N.T.P.C

PRESENTED BY
KSHITIJ
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
WORKING
COAL FIRED PLANT
RANKINE CYCLE
WATER CYCLE
COMBINED CYCYLE
FLUE GAS SYSTEM
SOLAR THERMAL PLANT
STEAM CYCLE
 INTRODUCTION

NTPC Dadri, is the power project to meet the power

demand of National Capital Region (India). It has a huge
coal-fired thermal power plant and a gas-fired plant and
has a small township located in Uttar Pradesh, India for
its employees. It is located in Gautam Budh Nagar
district of Uttar Pradesh about 25 km
from Ghaziabad and about 9 km from Dadri. It is nearly
48 km from New Delhi towards Hapur. The township has
an area of about 500 acres over all. NTPC Dadri is a
branch of National Thermal Power Corporation, which is
a public sector now. It is about 20 km from Ghaziabad
via Badalpur, Mahawar, Bamabawar, and Akilpur Jagir.
 HOW DOES A PLANT WORKS??

Thermal power plants use water as working fluid. Nuclear and coal
based power plants fall under this category. The way energy from
fuel gets transformed into electricity forms the working of a power
plant. In a thermal power plant a steam turbine is rotated with help
of high pressure and high temperature steam and this rotation is
transferred to a generator to produce electricity.

Energy absorption from steam

When turbine blades get rotated by high pressure high temperature
steam, the steam loses its energy. This in turn will result in a low
pressure and low temperature steam at the outlet of the turbine.

Use of Condenser
Compressing a fluid which is in gaseous state requires a huge
amount of energy,so before compressing the fluid It should be
converted into liquid state.
Heat Addition in Boiler & Rankine Cycle
Here external heat is added to the fluid in order to
bring fluid back to its original temperature. This heat is
added through a heat exchanger called a boiler. Here the
pressure of the fluid remains the same, since it is free to
expand in heat exchanger tubes.
 Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant

The conversion from coal to electricity takes place in three stages

Stage 1
The first conversion of energy takes place in the boiler. Coal is burnt in the
boiler furnace to produce heat. Carbon in the coal and Oxygen in the air
combine to produce Carbon Dioxide and heat.
Stage 2
The second stage is the thermodynamic process.
The heat from combustion of the coal boils water in the boiler to produce
steam. In modern power plant, boilers produce steam at a high pressure and
temperature.

The steam is then piped to a turbine.

Stage 3
In the third stage, rotation of the turbine rotates the generator rotor to
produce electricity based of Faradays Principle of electromagnetic
induction.
 Key Facts About Coal-Fired Electricity

Production
In practice to effect these three stages of conversion, many
systems and sub systems have to be in service. Also involved
are different technologies, like combustion, aerodynamics,
heat transfer, thermodynamics, pollution control, and
logistics.
As an example consider these facts for typical coal fired
power plant of capacity 500 MW.
 Rankine cycle

The Rankine cycle is a model that is used to predict

the performance of steam turbine systems, though the
theoretical principle also applies to reciprocating
engines such as steam locomotives. The Rankine cycle
is an idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat
engine that converts heat into mechanical work while
undergoing phase change.
Power depends on the temperature difference between
a heat source and a cold source. The higher the
difference, the more mechanical power can be
efficiently extracted out of heat energy, as per Carnot's
theorem.
The heat sources used in these power plants are
usually nuclear fission or the combustion of fossil fuels
such as coal, natural gas, and oil. The higher the
temperature, the better.
 The four processes in the Rankine cycle
Process 1-2: The
working fluid is pumped
from low to high
pressure. As the fluid is a
liquid at this stage,
Process 2-3: The high
pressure liquid enters a
boiler where it is heated
at constant pressure by
an external heat source to
become a dry saturated
vapour. Process 3-4:
The dry saturated vapour
expands through
a turbine, generating
power. may occur.
Process 4-1: The wet
vapour then enters
a condenser where it is
condensed at a constant
pressure to become
a saturated liquid.
 Water Cycle in thermal power plant

Water is used in two ways in thermal power plants:

(a) Internal steam cycle: to create steam via the
energy source (fossil fuel combustion, fission chain
reaction, heat exchange with deep rocks [hot dry rock
geothermal] or a heat transfer fluid [concentrating solar
power]) and convey it to an electricity-generating
turbine, and (b) Cooling cycle: to cool and condense
the after-turbine steam (this condensation dramatically
decreases the volume of the expanded steam,creating a
suction vacuum which draws it through the turbine
blades), and then to discharge surplus heat to the
environment.
 Combined cycle

The thermodynamic cycle of the basic combined cycle

consists of two power plant cycles. One is the Joule
or Brayton cycle which is a gas turbine cycle and the
other is Rankine cycle which is a steam
turbine cycle.[1] The cycle 1-2-3-4-1 which is the gas
turbine power plant cycle is the topping cycle. It
depicts the heat and work transfer process taking place
in high temperature region.
The cycle a-b-c-d-e-f-a which is the Rankine steam
cycle takes place at a low temperature and is known as
the bottoming cycle. Transfer of heat energy from high
temperature exhaust gas to water and steam takes
place by a waste heat recovery boiler in the bottoming
cycle. During the constant pressure process 4-1 the
exhaust gases in the gas turbine reject heat. The feed
water, wet and super heated steam absorb some of this
heat in the process a-b, b-c and c-d.
Topping and bottoming cycles
 Flue gas cycle

Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue,

which is a pipe or channel for conveying exhaust gases
from a fireplace, oven, furnace, boiler or steam
generator. Quite often, the flue gas refers to
the combustion exhaust gas produced at power plants.
Its composition depends on what is being burned, but
it will usually consist of mostly nitrogen (typically more
than two-thirds) derived from the combustion of
air, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor as well as
excess oxygen (also derived from the combustion air).
It further contains a small percentage of a number of
pollutants, such as particulate
matter (like soot), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
WORKING
 Solar thermal plant

Solar thermal energy (STE) is a form of energy and a

technology for harnessing solar energy to
generate thermal energy or electrical energy for use in
industry, and in the residential and commercial sectors.
Solar thermal collectors are classified by the United
States Energy Information Administration as low-,
medium-, or high-temperature collectors. Low-
temperature collectors are flat plates generally used to
heat swimming pools. Medium-temperature collectors
are also usually flat plates but are used for heating water
or air for residential and commercial use. High-
temperature collectors concentrate sunlight
using mirrors or lenses and are generally used for
fulfilling heat requirements up to 300 deg C / 20 bar
pressure in industries, and for electric power production.
 Working of solar power plant
. There are two main ways of generating energy from the
sun. Photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar
thermal (CST), also known as concentrating solar power
(CSP) technologies.
Solar thermal technology is large-scale by comparison. One
big difference from PV is that solar thermal power plants
generate electricity indirectly. Heat from the sun's rays is
collected and used to heat a fluid. The steam produced from
the heated fluid powers a generator that produces electricity.
It's similar to the way fossil fuel-burning power plants work
except the steam is produced by the collected heat rather than
from the combustion of fossil fuels.
 Water - Steam Cycle in Thermal Power
Plants

Water-Steam cycle as a medium for energy transformation is

more than Three Centuries old. Sixty Percent of electric power
generation makes use of water-steam cycle. What makes water -
steam cycle the most used medium for transformation of energy
from one form to other? Read on..
"Energy can be transformed (changed from one form to another),
but it can neither be created nor destroyed".
The modern version of the steam engine has been in vogue from
1780 when James Watt invented conversion of reciprocating
motion to rotary motion. As the key trigger for the industrial
revolution steam is and remains the medium for bulk energy
transformation.
Irrespective of the energy source, be it coal, bio-fuels, geothermal,
solar thermal or nuclear the heat energy transformation takes
place first to steam and then to rotary motion. Steam as a
transformation medium is also used for other purposes like
domestic heating and other industrial processes.
Make-up valve in the power plant


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