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High way and Transportation I(DIS)

ECIV 4333

Instructor : Dr. Essam Almasri


Assistants : Eng.Mustafa abou foul
Braking distance
PROBLEMS
3-20

What is the distance required to stop an


average passenger car when brakes are
appliedon a 2% downgrade if that vehicle
was originally travelin g at 40 mi /h (40
km/h)?
Sight
distance
What is sight distance?
Sight distance is the length of highway visible to
a driver. A safe sight distance is the distance
needed by a driver on an arterial, or a driver
exiting a driveway or street, to verify that the
road is clear and avoid conflicts with other
vehicles.
Sight lines must be kept free of objects which
might interfere with the ability of drivers to see
other vehicles. Features such as hills, curves in
the road, vegetation, other landscaping, signs,
and buildings can reduce sight distance.
Sight distance
Stopping sight distance
( )
Applicable on all highways

Passing sight distance


( )
Applicable only on two-lane highways
Stopping Sight Distance
Stopping sight distance is defined as the
distance needed for drivers to see an
object on the roadway ahead and bring
their vehicles to safe stop before colliding
with the object.



.
Stopping Sight Distance
NOTE:
The sight distance at every point along a roadway
should be at least that needed for a below-
average driver or vehicle to stop.

Stopping sight distance is influenced by both


vertical and horizontal alignment. For vertical
sight distance, this includes stopping sight
distance or passing sight distance at crest vertical
curves and headlight sight distance at sag
vertical curves .
Stopping Sight Distance
Sag vertical curves
Sag vertical curves provide greater stopping sight
distance during daylight conditions, but very
short sag vertical curves will limit the effective
distance of the vehicles headlights at night. If
lighting is provided at sag vertical curves, a
design to the driver comfort criteria may be
adequate.
The length of sag vertical curves to satisfy the
comfort criteria over the typical design speed
range results in minimum curve lengths of about
half those based on headlight criteria.
Stopping Sight Distance
Stopping sight distance is the sum
). ( 1-The brake reaction distance

).(2.5

2-Breaking distance ). (
.
Stopping Sight Distance
Stopping sight distance is the sum of the
brake reaction distance and the braking
distance .

Actual stopping distances are also affected


by road conditions, the mass of the car,
the incline of the road, and numerous
other factors .
Stopping Sight Distance
SSD for ordinary conditions
Variation for Trucks
The recommended stopping sight distances are
based on passenger car.
The larger and heavier truck, need longer
stopping distances from a given speed than
passenger vehicles.

BUT
The truck driver is able to see substantially
farther beyond vertical sight obstructions because
of the higher position of the seat in the vehicle.
Passing Sight Distance
Most roads and many streets are two-lane, two-way
highways on which vehicles frequently overtake slower
moving vehicles. Passing maneuvers in which faster vehicle
move ahead of slower vehicles must be accomplished on
lanes regularly used by opposing traffic. If passing is to be
accomplished safely , the passing driver should be able to
see a sufficient distance ahead, clear of traffic, to complete
the passing maneuver without cutting off the passed
vehicle before meeting an opposing vehicle that appears
during the maneuver.
When appropriate, the driver can return to the right lane
without completing the pass if he or she sees opposing
traffic is too close when the maneuver is only partially
completed.
Passing Sight Distance
:




.
Passing Sight Distance
When computing minimum passing sight
distances on two-lane highways for design use,
certain assumptions for traffic behavior are
necessary, some of which offer a wide choice.

The assumed control for driver behavior should


be that practiced by a high percentage of drivers,
rather than the average driver.
Assumptions
The overtaken vehicle travels at uniform speed.
The passing vehicle has reduced speed and trails the
overtaken vehicle as it enters a passing section.
When the passing section is reached, the passing driver
needs a short period of time to perceive the clear passing
section and to react to start his or her maneuver.
Passing is accomplished under what may be termed a
delayed start and a hurried return in the face of opposing
traffic. The passing vehicle accelerates during the maneuver,
and its average speed during the occupancy of the left lane is
16 km/h [10 mph] higher than that of the overtaken vehicle.
When the passing vehicle returns to its lane, there is a
suitable clearance length between it and an oncoming vehicle
in the other lane.
Passing Sight Distance
The minimum passing sight distance for two-lane
highways is determined as the sum of the four
distances.
Passing Sight Distance
d1 - Distance traversed during perception and
reaction time and during the initial acceleration to the
point of encroachment on the left lane.

d2 - Distance traveled while the passing vehicle


occupies the left lane.
d3 - Distance between the passing vehicle at the end
of its maneuver and the opposing vehicle.

d4 - Distance traversed by the opposing vehicle for


two-thirds of the time the passing vehicle occupies
the left lane, or 2/3 of d2 above.
Passing Sight Distance
Passing Sight Distance
NOTES:
For Divided roads, The passing sight distance is not
available.
It is not necessary to consider passing sight distance
on highways or streets that have two or more traffic
lanes in each direction of travel.

For roads that have special lane for overtaking, The


passing sight distance is not available.

When passing sight distance is not available it equals


SSD.
Criteria for Measuring Sight
Distance
Height of Drivers Eye

Height of Object

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