Mobile & Pervasive

Computing
Revision Notes
Project Aura
Goals and Functioning in Real-world Scenarios
Example Projects : Project Aura (1)
Aura (Carnegie Mellon University)
Distraction-free (Invisible) Ubiquitous Computing.

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Example Projects : Project Aura (2)
Moores Law Reigns Supreme
Processor density
Processor speed
Memory capacity
Disk capacity Human Attention
Memory cost
...

Glaring Exception
Human Attention

Adam & Eve 2000 AD

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Example Projects : Project Aura (3)
Aura Thesis:
The most precious resource in computing is human attention.

Aura Goals:
Reduce user distraction.
Trade-off plentiful resources of Moores law for human attention.
Achieve this scalably for mobile users in a failure-prone, variable-resource environment.

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Example Projects : Project Aura
The Airport Scenario
(4)
Jane wants to send e-mail from
the airport before her flight
leaves.
She has several large enclosures
She is using a wireless interface
She has many options.
Simply send the e-mail
Is there enough bandwidth?
Compress the data first
Will that help enough?
Pay extra to get reserved
bandwidth
Are reservations available?
Send the diff relative to older
file
Are the old versions around?
Walk to a gate with more
bandwidth
Where is there enough
bandwidth?
How do we choose automatically?
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Example Projects : Project Aura (5)
The Mobile Task Scenario
Aura saves Scotts task.
Scott enters office and gets strong
authentication and secure access.
Aura restores Scotts task on desktop
machine and uses a large display.
Scott controls application by voice.
Bradley enters room.
Bradley gets weak authentication,
Scotts access changes to insecure.
Aura denies voice access to sensitive
email application.
Scott has multi-modal control of
PowerPoint application.
Aura logs Scott out when he leaves the
room.

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Context in Pervasive Computing
Context and its representation in Pervasive Computing
Context aware computing
Current Systems
Generally using position and identification of
objects
Still do not provide a complete context
Definition of context is limited
Research areas
Context toolkits
Toolkit for sensing environment
Explicit use of sensed information is up to program
What is context?
How is context represented?

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What
Who
is context?
Currently generally tailored to one user
How important are others in determining our behavior
How could this be captured?
What
Attempt to figure out what is currently happening
Sense environment, use calendar software etc.
Where
Location based information, e.g., GPS
Most explored context information
When
Easily obtained information -- Computer is good at remembering
time
Although determining when one event stops and another begins is not easy
Why
Even harder than the what question, biometric sensors might help
10 (e.g., body temperature, heart rate, etc)
Toward context aware
computing
Context representation
Requires universal context schemes or toolkits with
standard context representations
Context sensing and fusion
How to make context-aware computing ubiquitous?
In practice, there are few truly ubiquitous, single-
source context services
E.g., GPS does not work indoors; different indoor
localization schemes have different characteristics (e.g.,
cost, range)
Like sensor fusion, context fusion handles seamless
handling of sensing responsibility between
boundaries of different context services
Combining multiple context sources can increase the
accuracy of context information
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Pervasive Computing Gadgets
Active Badge, Pill-Cam, Smart Dust
Other Scenarios
The Active Badge
This harbinger of inch-scale computers contains a
small microprocessor and an infrared transmitter.

The badge broadcasts the identity of its wearer and

so can trigger automatic doors, automatic telephone
forwarding and computer displays customized to
each person reading them.

The active badge and other networked tiny

computers are called tabs.

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Other Scenarios
The Active Badge

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Other Scenarios
Edible computers: The
pill-cam
Miniature camera
Diagnostic device
It is swallowed

Try this with an ENIAC

computer!

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Other Scenarios
Smart Dust
Nano computers that
couple:
Sensors
Computing
Communication

Grids of motes (nano

computers)

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Pervasive Computing in 5G
Communication
How 5G will accommodate Pervasive Machine Type Communication (MTC)
5G Promises
5G (5th Generation mobile networks or 5th
Generation wireless systems) denotes the next
major phase of telecommunications standards
aiming to provide:
Data rates of several tens of megabits per second for
tens of thousands of users
1 Gigabit per second to be offered simultaneously to
tens of workers on the same office floor
Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous
connections to be supported for massive sensor
deployments
Spectral efficiency should be significantly enhanced
compared to 4G
Coverage should be improved
Signaling efficiency should be enhanced
Latency should be reduced significantly compared to
LTE
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5G Requirements
Requirements are based on
the operator vision of 5G in
2020 as well as beyond
2020.
As such, not all the
requirements will need to be
satisfied in 2020.

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User Requirements
User Experience KPIs
Guaranteed user Capable of human oriented
data rate terminals

50Mb/s 20 billion

Aggregate service
Capable of IoT terminals reliability

1 trillion 99.999%

Accuracy of outdoor
terminal location
Mobility support at speed
500km/h
for ground transportation 1 meter

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 Use case category Connection Density
Broadband access in dense areas 200-2500 /km2
Indoor ultra-high broadband access 75,000 / km2
System Requirements (75/1000 m2 office)
Broadband access in a crowd 150,000 / km2
(30.000 / stadium)
System Performance KPIs
50+ Mbps everywhere 400 / km2 in suburban
100 / km2 in rural
Ultra-low cost broadband access for low ARPU areas 16 / km2
Mobile broadband in vehicles (cars, trains) 2000 / km2
(500 active users per train x 4
trains,
or 1 active user per car x 2000 cars) (12.5 Gbps per train, 25 Mbps per car)
Airplanes connectivity 80 per plane
60 airplanes per 18,000 km2
Massive low-cost/long-range/low-power MTC Up to 200,000 / km2
Broadband MTC See the requirements for the Broadband access in dense areas and
50+Mbps everywhere categories
Ultra-low latency Not critical
Resilience and traffic surge 10,000 / km2
Ultra-high reliability & Ultra-low latency* Not critical
(*) the reliability requirement for this category is
described in Section 4.4.5
Ultra-high availability & reliability* Not critical
(*) the reliability requirement for this category is
described in Section 4.4.5
Broadcast like services Not relevant
Traffic Density
DL: 750 Gbps / km2 UL: 125 Gbps /
km2
DL: 15 Tbps/ km2
(15 Gbps / 1000 m2)
UL: 2 Tbps / km2
(2 Gbps / 1000 m2)
DL: 3.75 Tbps / km2
(DL: 0.75 Tbps / stadium)
UL: 7.5 Tbps / km2
(1.5 Tbps / stadium)
DL: 20 Gbps / km2 in suburban
UL: 10 Gbps / km2 in suburban
DL: 5 Gbps / km2 in rural
UL: 2.5 Gbps / km2 in rural
16 Mbps / km2
DL: 100 Gbps / km2
(25 Gbps per train, 50 Mbps per car)
UL: 50 Gbps / km2
DL: 1.2 Gbps / plane
UL: 600 Mbps / plane
Non critical
Potentially high
Potentially high
Potentially high
Potentially high
Not relevant
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Device Requirements
Smart devices in the 5G era will grow in
capability and complexity as both the
hardware and software, and particularly the
operating system will continue to evolve.
They may also in some cases become active
relays to other devices, or support network
controlled device-to-device communication.
Greater Operator Controlled Capabilities on
Devices
Multi-Band-Multi-Mode Support in Devices
(with global roaming capability)
Device Power Efficiency (3 days for a
smartphone, and up to 15 years for MTC)
Greater Resource and Signaling Efficiency

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Applications of Internet of Things
Internet of Things

Internet of Things From

Research and Innovation
to Market Deployment
http://www.internet-of-
things-
research.eu/pdf/IoT-
From%20Research%20and
%20Innovation%20to%20
Market%20Deployment_IE
RC_Cluster_eBook_978-
87-93102-95-8_P.pdf
Internet of Things
Connected Devices across industries
 The Application of IoT(1)
Regional Office Biosensor worn by people

House Network Equipment in

public place

Transportation Vehicle Virtual Environment

The Application of IoT(2)
Scenario: shopping

(2) When shopping in the market,

the goods will introduce
themselves.

(1) When entering the doors,

scanners will identify the tags on her
clothing.

(4) When paying for the goods, the

microchip of the credit card will
communicate with checkout reader.

(3) When moving the goods,

the reader will tell the staff to
put a new one.
The Application of IoT(3)
Scenario: Health Care
Various sensors for
various conditions
Example ICP sensor: Short
or long term monitoring
of pressure in the brain
cavity
Implanted in the brain
cavity and senses the
increase of pressure
Sensor and associated
electronics encapsulated
in safe and biodegradable
material
External RF reader
powers the unit and
receives the signal
Stability over 30 days so
far
 The Application of IoT(3)
Scenario: Health Care
National Health Information
Network, Electronic Patient Record
Home care: monitoring and control
Pulse oximeters, blood glucose
monitors, infusion pumps,
accelerometers,
Operating Room of the Future
Closed loop monitoring and control;
multiple treatment stations, plug and
play devices; robotic microsurgery
System coordination challenge
Progress in bioinformatics: gene,
protein expression, systems biology,
disease dynamics, control
mechanisms
 The Application of IoT(4)
Scenario: Intelligent Home

Remote monitor for smart house

Remote control for smart appliance
 The Application of IoT(5)
Scenario: Transportation

A network of sensors set up throughout a vehicle can interact

with its surroundings to provide valuable feedback on local
roads, weather and traffic conditions to the car driver, enabling
adaptive drive systems to respond accordingly
This may involve automatic activation of braking systems or
speed control via fuel management systems. Condition and
event detection sensors can activate systems to maintain driver
and passenger comfort and safety through the use of airbags
and seatbelt pre-tensioning
Sensors for fatigue and mood monitoring based on driving
conditions, driver behaviour and facial indicators can interact
to ensure safe driving by activating warning systems
or directly controlling the vehicle
The Application of IoT(5)
Scenario: Transportation

In 2005, 30 90 processors per car

Engine control, Break system, Airbag deployment system
Windshield wiper, Door locks, Entertainment system

Cars are sensors and actuators in V2V networks

Active networked safety alerts
Autonomous navigation

Future Transportation Systems

Incorporate both single person and mass transportation vehicles, air and ground
transportations.

Achieve efficiency, safety, stability using real-time control and optimization .

The Application of IoT(6)
Scenario : Monitoring the Environment
MCQs
1) Smart Dust are Nano computers that couple Sensors, Computing and Communication [T]
2) Virtual Reality is about simulating physical world and putting people inside virtual worlds. [T]
3) "The most profound technologies are those that are visible to all.", Mark Weiser. [F]
4 "Active Badge System", is an advanced location computing system. [T]
5) Microsoft, Intel and Broadcom have now focused their research on Internet of Things. [T]
6) Context awareness require knowing about where the person is who requires information [T]
7) General purpose COTS hardware make Ubicomp implementation quite easy to deploy. [F]
8) The ultimate aim of ubiquitous computing is to make technology invisible to humans. [T]
9) Project OXYGEN is one of the famous Ubicomp project of MIT. [T]
10) Mobile computing envisions providing communication services under high speeds mobility. [T]
11) A pervasive computing system must recognize users state and surroundings [T]
12) The Smart Things Project make everyday objects smart information artifacts [F]
13) Communication. Sensors, ICs and Material Technologies are key enablers for Ubicomp. [T]
14) Ubicomp is a post-desktop model of computers integrated into everyday objects. [T]
15) Li-Fi flickers billions of times per second. [T]
16) Nomadic computing allows minimum mobility while connected to the infrastructure. [T]
17) Deployments are hard because of the unexpected things faced during testing in-Situ. [T]
18) Li-Fi is transmission of data through illumination using Lasers. [F]
19) The most precious resource in a computer system now is the hardware used [F]
20) Location services can track movement to within millimeters. [F]
References
Next Generation Mobile Networks
http://www.ngmn.org/fileadmin/ngmn/content/
images/news/ngmn_news/NGMN_5G_White_Pa
per_V1_0.pdf
High Availability on Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_availability
The METIS 2020 Project Laying the foundation of 5G
https://www.metis2020.com
EVARILOS EU Project
http://www.evarilos.eu/index.php
CREW EU Project
http://www.crew-project.eu/
5G: The Internet for Everyone and Everything (NI)
http://www.ni.com/pdf/company/en/Trend_Watch_5
G.pdf
How 5G will Power the Future Internet of Things - iQ
by Intel
http://iq.intel.com/how-5g-will-power-the-future-
internet-of-things/
Broadcom Real-time Sports Location Tracking Demo
http://www.broadcom.com/blog/wireless-
technology/video-demo-5g-wifi-enables-real-time-
sports-location-tracking/
Internet of Things at Broadcom
http://www.broadcom.com/application/internet_of_thi
ngs.php
Broadcom WICED Forum
https://community.broadcom.com/community/wiced-wifi
5G and Internet of Things (NOKIA)
http://networks.nokia.com/be/portfolio/latest-launches/5g-
and-internet-of-things
5G Technology Elements for Future Internet of Things
(Intel)
http://www.iots-
workshop.com/slides/GC_2014_IoTS_Workshop_Wu.pdf
IoTivity Open Source IoT Framework
https://www.iotivity.org/
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