Rainfall Spatial and Temporal

Distribution in Sumber Jaya,

West lampung

Rita Manik
 Back ground
There was environmental degradation in
Sumber Jaya, including the flood in
February 2002 that damaged the power
plant and causing a serious shortage of
electricity in Lampung Province as well as
periodic water deficits needed to drive the
turbines during the dry season
 Preservation of watershed functions and erosion
control are the two major arguments for retaining
forests in Sumber Jaya as protection areas

Local governments blamed coffee farmers for

the problems. Such accusations create conflicts
between local forestry officers and villagers who
claim that the previous government officials
officially transferred some parts of the land
within the forest zone to them and they have the
right to manage the lands as they wish
Rainfall distributions
VS
Land use changes

Natural forrest
VS
Agroforrest
 Problems
Rainfall runoff relationship in catchment scale

The rainfall--runoff relationship quantifies the

response function describing the behaviour of a
watershed. The response function is a result of
numerous processes, complex and
interdependent, that participate in the
transformation of rainfall into runoff (Singh and
Birsoy, 1977).
Water input Water discharge
Rainfall
Watershed output
Rainfall distribution
Temporal distribution
Rain depth
Spatial distribution
Research site
Methods
Nested catchments
Catchment Area (ha) Mean slope (%)
1 2.84 29
2 8.21 46
3 12.39 33
4 20.45 20
5 27.22 26
WB 67.68 26
FR 10.39
AF 4.39
Rain gages
Parshall Flumes
 Methods
Rainfall temporal distribution:
cross-correlations
auto-correlations
Rainfall spatial distribution :
cross-correlations
Kriging
 Rainfall temporal distribution:
2 A ugus t 2005 23 October 2005

3 3

2.5 2.5
2
Rainfall (mm)

Rainfall (mm)
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5 C! C1
C3 0.5 C3
0
AF AF
-0.5 0 50 100 150 200 0
C5 0 50 100 150 C4
Tim e (9:00) -0.5
WB C5
Tim e(16:00)
FR WB

25 October 2005
26 October 2005

3.5
4
3
3.5
2.5 3
Rainfall (mm)

Rainfall (mm)
2 2.5
C1
1.5 2 C1
C3 1.5
1 C3
AF 1
0.5 AF
C4 0.5
0 C4
C5 0
-0.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 C5
WB -0.5 0 100 200 300
Tim e (16:00) WB
FR Tim e (11:00)
FR
 Rainfall temporal distribution:
2 Nov ember 2005 19 Nov ember 2005

2.5 4
3.5
2
3
Rainfall (mm)

Rainfall (mm)
1.5 2.5
C1 2 C1
1 1.5 C3
C3
1 C4
0.5 C4
0.5
C5 C5
0 0
CAF AF
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 -0.5 0 100 200 300
CFR WB
Tim e (14:00) Tim e (11:00)
CWB FR

7 D ecember 2005

3
2.5

2
Rainfall (mm)

1.5 C1
1 C3
0.5 C4

0 C5
AF
-0.5 0 100 200 300 400
WB
Tim e (12:00)
FR
 Daily Average of coefficient correlation among catchments

Date C1 C3 C4 C5 CAF CFR

16-Jul-05 0.298345 0.403841 0.459069 0.307098 0.190206

18-Jul-05 0.510047 0.466725 0.574263 0.244129 0.443542

19-Jul-05 0.952486 0.960662 0.97749 0.973713 0.931874

02-Aug-05 0.440578 0.368632 0.522944 0.263833 0.313566

21-Aug-05 0.471879 0.24392 0.517687 0.314581 0.292299 -0.04579

22-Aug-05 0.777705 0.782464 0.745109 0.652387 0.572682 0.413579

25-Sep-05 0.781395 0.764145 0.804101 0.699094 0.588346 0.205309

18-Oct-05 0.712814 0.722281 0.701596 0.582218 0.393156

22-Oct-05 0.566868 0.696074 0.622975 0.509745 0.329756

23-Oct-05 0.584093 0.530136 0.44626 0.169781 0.258088

25-Oct-05 0.72363 0.634489 0.607306 0.435997 0.47959 0.257356

26-Oct-05 0.839183 0.750404 0.735457 0.605203 0.360082

03-Nov-05 0.45747 0.673518 0.610762 0.441547 0.172871

18-Nov-05 0.684072 0.720389 0.697829 0.640743 0.340826

19-Nov-05 0.70919 0.646349 0.453432 0.558036 0.395826

20-Nov-05 0.434234 0.470342 0.151299 0.299228 0.114708 -0.33936

25-Nov-05 0.664426 0.649788 0.621162 0.578245 0.411551 0.081998

27-Nov-05 0.510451 0.498357 0.525282 0.278741 0.195067 -0.03525

07-Dec-05 0.718757 0.65773 0.520478 0.509883 0.469442 0.199205

08-Dec-05 0.585608 0.555513 0.475366 0.425176 0.065773

27-Dec-05 0.63306 0.689996 0.607875 0.535225 0.31452

 02-Aug-05
C3 CAF C5 CWB CFR

C1 0.481859 0.683516 0.543376 0.392748 0.437479

C3 0.387865 0.545066 0.564944 0.278007

CAF 0.350656 0.328815 0.199111

C5 0.396859 0.745667

CWB 0.315157

23-Oct-05
C3 CAF C4 C5 CWB

C1 0.696642 0.80793272 0.844711 0.310386 0.45579

C3 0.73899979 0.74077 0.36855 0.592155

CAF 0.821042 0.294493 0.487975

C4 0.274245 0.45406

C5 0.211704
Time lags
16-Jul-05 18-Jul-05 02-Aug-05 21-Aug-05
Lags WB FR CAF CFR CAF CFR FR WB
2 0.7853 0.8572 0.5175 0.5844 0.7840 0.8808 0.5852 0.1295
4 0.6868 0.7792 0.4265 0.4194 0.5935 0.7379 0.4935 0.4942
6 0.5955 0.6960 0.2270 0.1818 0.4816 0.5840 0.1523 0.3324
8 0.3977 0.5764 0.1841 0.1393 0.4774 0.4358 0.2176 0.2163
10 0.2979 0.4876 0.4776 0.2909 0.0324 0.2771
12 0.1825 0.3701 0.4776 0.2127 0.0098 0.3084
14 0.0819 0.2354 0.3857 0.1825 -0.1305 0.0795
16 0.0802 0.1274 0.3535 0.1918 -0.2155 0.2472
18 0.3369
20 0.3282
22 0.2557
24 0.2737
26 0.2267
28 0.1634
Time lags

22-Aug-05 25-Sep-05 18-Oct-05 23-Oct-05

Lags CFR CWB CFR CWB CAF CAF C5 CWB

2 0.8053 0.5692 0.8591 0.7319 0.6791 0.7696 0.7500 0.8213

4 0.6376 0.2506 0.7027 0.4579 0.5344 0.7084 0.5291 0.6525

6 0.4661 0.1173 0.5119 0.1510 0.4826 0.5764 0.3124 0.4779

8 0.3145 0.1015 0.3328 -0.0115 0.3940 0.1729 0.3322

10 0.1388 0.0841 0.2051 0.0992 0.2435

Spatial Distribution

Average of coefficient correlation among catchments

C3 C4 C5 CAF CFR CWB

C1 0.721266 0.671723 0.777534 0.751575 0.384678 0.535187

C3 0.618752 0.807045 0.764234 0.253727 0.715793

C4 0.686781 0.601693 0.199235 0.334294

C5 0.714603 0.315822 0.637122

CAF 0.288417 0.550781

CFR 0.206051
 02-Aug-05
25-Sep-05
Sill Length Centre

2.0043 0.45 Sill Length Centre

1.2383 0.0925
1.1976 0.0925
1.3747 0.0925

1.3163 0.45 C1 1.5532 0.0925

1.3344 0.45 C1
0.8655 0.0925
1.0302 0.45 C1

1.1034 0.45 C1 1.857 0.0925

0.3653 0.45 C1
1.7579 0.0925
0.7158 0.0925

0.7158 0.0925 1.8733 0.45 C5

1.7465 0.0925

1.875 0.0925
 Conclusions
A. Rainfall temporal
distributions

Over the nested catchments

From 24 rain events only in 4 rain events one catchment
have relatively high correlations (r 0.7) to the rest of
other catchments which might showed temporally
homogenous pattern of rain
From distances between catchments (Table 9) it can be
concluded that rain pattern showed some correlations
with r 0.7 only on the distances < 500 m.
Rainfall temporal distributions
the longest time lags during rain events were 28 minutes
and time lags when rain fell homogenously were only <
6 minutes. The rainfall maximum time lags between the
catchments (28 minutes) could be considered as
relatively short.
Rain in catchments area generally fell suddenly, on
relatively short time (between 12 to 150 minutes), in the
afternoon or late afternoon (13:00 to 17:00) and often
spread in patches; those characteristics indicated that
types of rain were convective. Convective rain developed
because of local surface heating.
Over Sumber Jaya catchment
In general rain occurred on longer time and higher
intensity (2 6 mm/2 min) on upper part of the
catchment compared to the lower part (the nested
catchments); they lasted from 150 -540 minutes; and
preceded and ended with light rain.
Since rain covered mostly the upper part of catchment
and did not pour homogenously over the whole
catchment, the rains probably were orographic rain. Air
masses which moved horizontally were forced to lift
because of topographic barriers.
 Stations with distances < 2 km are constantly had high
relation (r >0.8); even though up to 17 km there was
still exist some correlation (r 0.5). It can be concluded
that rainfall distributions inside Sumber Jaya catchment
from July to December were not homogenously covered
the whole area and this could mean that moisture that
came form uplifting movement due to topographic barrier
only yield in local rain around the mountains.

Time lags between the two stations were about 15

minutes. Probably time lags were not the important
substances on this analysis since moisture came from
different sources; not from one source and then moved
to another area. The time lags did not reflect the time of
storm moving from one source with certain directions.
 Over the nested catchments

In general source of rainfall in this catchment area

mostly were not originated from single cloud cluster, rain
was not centred in one area and spread with lower
intensity to the surrounding area. It was most likely that
small cluster of clouds were spread over the catchments,
then grew and some times one cluster might dominated
the area for short time.
Only occasionally that rainfall in this area formed by one
big cluster of cloud and continually dominated the area.
This is related to what was explained on previous section
that rain type over the catchments was convective type
which developed from surface heating. The spread of
the clouds could also reflect the uneven heating on
catchments surface.
 larger clusters mostly developed over catchment WB
and over catchment 4 and 5. Hence, higher rain depths
occurred on the down part (outlet) of the catchment, and
sometimes on the middle part but rarely from the upper
part.

The catchments outlet (catchment WB) was closer to

Mount Subhan (West part of the Sumber Jaya
catchment) while catchment 1 was closer to Bukit Rigis
area (central part of the catchment). Forest in Mount
Subhan was in better coverage compared to Bukit Rigis,
Bukit Rigis are the area of intense coffee plantations,
consequently, Subhan were a better moisture sources
than Bukit Rigis.
Rainfall spatial distributions
Over Sumber Jaya catchment

The results show that most of the rains started from

and had high depth at Subhan Mountain area (West,
1623 m asl). The other moisture sources were Mount
Benatan (North, 1688m asl) and Bukit Rigis (Central,
1395 m asl). From geographic position of Sumber
Jaya region, Mount Subhan is the highest elevation
which face the open ocean at the west of Lampung
Province, and behind Subhan is Benatan.
The actual of rain season, when rain sources came
from large system (the Indonesian ocean) not just
came from local surface heating, occurred on
January. It can be tracked from result on January 4th
2006 when rain covered the whole catchment and
consistently the source came from Mount Subhan.
Thank you