BEE3133

Electrical Power Systems

Chapter 1
Power Systems: An Overview
Rahmatul Hidayah Salimin
 Introduction

Power System

Support Components

Measurement &
Protection System
Monitoring System

Generation Transmission Distribution Load

Main Components
Supply of Electricity
 Electrical Systems
Demand

Electricity energy cannot be stored.

Generate electricity based on demand.
Total power drawn by consumer fluctuates
depends on the time of day and seasons.
Demand Curve
Plot each demand of electricity by consumer
daily/annually
Demand Curve
 Load Duration Curve

3 types of load
Base load
Has to be fed 100% of the time.
Intermediate loads
Have to be fed <100% of the time.
Peak load
May occur 0.1% of the time.
 Load Duration Curve

Plot the duration of each demand on annual based.

Peak Load
(2MW)
Demand (GW)

Intermediate Load
(4MW)

Base Load
(6MW)

Time in % 100% : 8760hrs

 Load Duration Curve

Base-power stations
Deliver full power at all times
Nuclear, coal-fired stations
Intermediate-power stations
Respond relatively quickly to changes in demand
Usually by adding/removing generating unit
Hydropower stations
Peak-power stations
Deliver power for brief intervals during the day
Put into service very quickly
Equipped with prime movers that can be started up in
a few minutes
Diesel, pumped-storage turbines, gas turbines etc.
 Power System Diagram

Power Station Generation

Step-up transformer ( voltage,current)

Main Intake/Large Grid System (500kV, 275kV, 132kV, 66kV)

Sub-Station TNB

SESCO
SESB
Reduce the voltage
Sub-Station 33kV,11kV Sub-Station
Transmission

Sub-station Sub-station Rural Transformer Distribution

Industrial: Commercial: Loads

Residential
Factory, Industries Towns, Offices

3 phase - 415 V, single phase - 240 V

 Power System
AROUND TOWN &
RESIDENTIAL AREA -
Underground distribution to HOUSE - Overhead distribution
individual premises is at to individual houses is at 240
415 volts and 240 volts. volts.

LIGHT INDUSTRY -
Most small factories
receive their electricity at
11,000 volts

HEAVY INDUSTRY - Some have

direct connections to the
transmission at 132,000 volts.

POWER STATION- Generator

output at 11,000/20,000 volts is
stepped up by transformer to
132,000 275,000 and 500,000 volts
for transmission.

TRANSMISSION - Transmission is mainly

at 132,000 275,000 and 500,000 volts
High voltages of 500kV, 275kV, 132kV are
used for transmitting electricity over the grid
system
A transformer in a large sub-station
reduces the voltage to 33kV, 22kV,11kV
Supplies to rural
communities are
often reduced from
11kV to domestic
voltages (415/240V)
by pole mounted
transformers.
 Generation

At power generating station (generating

voltage) 11 20kV and frequency of 50
Hz
Transform to higher voltage (transmission
voltage) 132kV, 275kV and 500kV
Transform to lower voltage (distribution
voltage) 33kV or 11kV
 Power Producer

TNB

Co-Generator SESCO

Power 3 Main Power Producer

Producer in Malaysia

IPP SESB
 Generation Capacity
Generation capacity of major power producer
 Generation Capacity

Generation Plant Mix

TNB Power Stations
Generation Energy Mix
Generation Energy Mix
 Independent Power
Producer (IPP)

Privately owned power producer.

After privatization (1990) 18 IPP through
long term power purchase agreement.
Generates and sell power to TNB.
Upload onto the National Grid.
 Independent Power
Producer (IPP)

Example
YTL Generation Sdn. Bhd.
Paka, Pasir Gudang
Malakoff Berhad
Lumut Power Station, Segari
Prai Power Station, Butterworth
Tanjung Bin Power Station, Johor
Genting Sanyen Power Sdn. Bhd.
Kuala Langat Power Station
 Co-Generator

Minor electricity supply

There are several small distributors buy
electricity from the utilities or generate their
own power, mostly by co-generation.
Then, distribute to customers within specific
areas such as industrial complexes.
 Co-Generator

Example Petronas Gas Sdn Bhd

Generate electricity Co-generator
Distribute power within two Integrated
Petrochemical Complexes (IPC)
Central Utilities Facilities (CUF) in Gebeng &
Kerteh)
Example KKIP Power Sdn Bhd
Purchase power from SESB
Distribute power within Kota Kinabalu
Industrial Park
Hydroelectric
Power Plant

Sultan Mahmud Power Station, Kenyir

Bakun Dam:
Under construction
Coal-fired Power Plant
Combustion Turbine
Power Plant
 Transmission

To ensure the adequacy and reliability of supply

that are fundamental needs of modern society.
Provides the link between electricity suppliers
(TNB Generators and IPPs) and electricity
consumers.
Helps reduce energy prices since generation in
other regions which are cheaper can be
channeled to customers.
Transmission connects regional systems via
inter-connectors to encourage cooperation for
mutual benefits i.e ASEAN.
 Transmission System

Lines/transformers operating at voltages

above 100 kV are usually called the
transmission system.
Consists of Transmission Line and Sub-
stations
Transmission network of 500kV, 275kV and
132kV known as National Grid.
 Transmission Line
Components

Transmission Line
Overhead Lines
Cable
Underground Cables
Submarine Cables
Sub-stations
 Transmission
Parameters
OVERHEAD LINE (17,258)
Length 500kV 890
(circuit-km) 275kV 6,199
132kV 9,998
66kV 171

CABLE (723)
Length 275kV 49
(circuit-km) 132kV 674
66kV -

TRANSFORMERS (69,381)
Transformation 500kV 4,500
Capacity 275kV 26,213
(MVA) 132kV 38,258
66kV 410

SUBSTATIONS (375)
Number of 500kV 4
Substations 275kV 67
(TNB) 132kV 299
66kV 5
 Transmission Line

Components
Tower support structure
Cross-arms
Conductors
Insulators
Earth-wires
 Transmission tower

Waist-Type Double Circuit Guyed-V-Tower

Tower Tower
Transmission Tower
Overhead Line
Conductors
Insulators
 Sub-station

Size of substation
Depends on transformer size
Typical sizes
132kV; 2 x 30MVA, 3 x 45MVA, 2 x 90MVA
275kV; 2 x 180MVA, 3 x 180MVA, 2 x 240MVA
Types of Sub-station
Conventional outdoor
Require bigger space
GIS (gas insulated switchgear)
Less space
Outdoor or indoor
Outdoor Sub-station
GIS
 Sub-station
Components

Transformer
Circuit Breaker / Switch Gear
Isolator Switches
Busbar
Protection Relay & Control Equipment
Power Transformer
 Circuit Breaker

Spark gap. In event

of a lightning strike
on the line, the
current can jump the
gap between that ball
and the protrusion on
the tank, and make a
path to earth. This
prevents overloading
the breaker.
Circuit Breaker
 Distribution

Lines/transformers operating at voltages

below 100 kV are usually called the
distribution system.
Part of the electric utility system between
the bulk power source and the customer
service entrances (loads).
33kV, 22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV, 415V and 240V
 Distribution Sub-station

Distribution Intakes (33kV, 22kV)

Distribution Substations (22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV)
Indoor substation
Outdoor substation
Pole mounted substation
Compact substation
Underground substation
Transformer capacity
100kVA, 300kVA, 500kVA, 750kVA and 1000kVA
Distribution Intake
Indoor Sub-station
Underground
Sub-station
Compact Sub-station
Outdoor Sub-station
Pole-Mounted
Sub-station
Distribution
Transformer
Distribution
Circuit Breaker
 Load

Types of Load:
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Public Transportation
Public Lighting
etc.
 Residential Load

Consist of lighting, radio, TV, refrigerator,

kitchen appliances, washing machine and
etc.
Usually, increases in the evening around 6
p.m. and return to a nominal value around
12 p.m.
 Commercial Load

Consists of lighting, air-condition and

small appliances.
Shops, business premises, schools,
universities etc.
The load is fairly constant from 9am
until 9pm with the exception of any
mid-day break.
 Industrial Load

Mainly consists of motor load, air

conditioner, lighting, welding and
furnaces etc. It can be divided into
small, medium and large category.
The nature of industrial load curve will
depend on the number of shifts
worked in the industry.
 Load Factor
Is the ratio of average load over a designed period
of time to the peak load occurring in that period.
(day, month or year).

Daily Load Factor

Daily L.F = (average load)
(peak load)
= (average load x 24hrs)
(peak load x 24hrs)
= (energy consumed during 24hrs)
(peak load x 24hrs)
 Load Factor

Annual Load Factor

= (total annual energy)
(peak load x 24hrs x 365)
= (total annual energy)
(peak load x 8760hrs)
 Industrial Load

Daily system load #1

Interval, Hr Load, MW
12am 2am 6
2 6 5
6 9 10
9 12 15
12pm 2pm 12
2 4 14
4 6 16
6 8 18
8 10 16
10 11 12
11 12am 6
 Industrial Load

Daily system load #1(answer)

Pavg = 11.5417 MW
Peak = 18 MW
LF = 64.12 % @ 0.64
 Industrial Load

Daily system load #2

Interval, Hr Load, MW
12am 2am 16
2 6 15
6 9 20
9 12 25
12pm 2pm 22
2 4 24
4 6 26
6 8 28
8 10 26
10 11 22
11 12am 16
 Industrial Load

Daily system load #2(answer)

Pavg = 21.54 MW
Peak = 28 MW
LF = 76.9% % @ 0.769
 Industrial Load
Annual system load
Interval, month Load, MW
January 8
February 6
March 4
April 2
May 6
June 12
July 16
August 14
September 10
October 4
November 6
December 8
 Industrial Load

Daily system load

(answer)
Pavg = 8MW
Peak = 16MW
LF = 50% @ 0.5
Electricity Consumers
 National Grid System

See file Grid system

grid system.pdf
ngrid map.pdf
 Advantages

Provide multiple paths between various

generation sources and loads
Provide for power transfers from one
geographic area to another to achieve
overall system operating economics
Interconnect the bulk power facilities of
individual power station/utilities so that
they can better withstand major
disturbances
 Advantages

Other advantages:
Stability
Load sharing
Continuity of service
Maintenance, breakdown
Economy
Cheap & efficient
 Interconnection

TNB EGAT INTERCONNECTION

HVAC 132kV/115kV overhead lines interconnection
between Bukit Ketri (TNB) and Sadao (EGAT:
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand )
80MW
HVDC 300kV interconnection overhead lines between
Gurun (TNB) and Ban Khlong Ngae (EGAT) 300MW
TNB SINGAPORE POWER LTD
INTERCONNECTION
HVAC 275kV/230kV submarine cables interconnection
between Pasir Gudang (TNB) and Senoko (Singapore
Power) 200MW
 TNB-EGAT HVDC PROJECT
Objectives of the Project

Peak lopping; TNB imports during TNBs peak

load (morning) and export during lower demand
(evening)
Sharing of spinning reserves; both TNB and
EGAT reduce their respective spinning reserve
Economic power exchange; TNB may export if its
price is lower than EGAT and vice versa
Help each other during system
emergencies/crisis
 National Load Dispatch
Centre (NLDC)

Located in Bangsar, KL
Objectives:
Grid system requires a grid controller/operator
system.
In order to ensure the supply of energy is safe
and reliable.
 NLDC Function

Maintains system stability

Frequency control
Voltage within limits
Achieve minimum operating cost
Optimize transmission losses
Merit order generation
maintain spinning reserve requirements
co-ordinate generation and transmission
maintenance outages
Restoration of supply after system fault
Future ASEAN Power
Supply Interconnection