SHIP STRESSES

Rishi
Piravin
Anmol
Agilan
Arief
Immanuel
 What is stress and
strain?

STRESS Is defined as the load put on a piece of

material or a structure

STRAIN Is defined as the permanent deformity

or weakness caused by excessive stress
There are 3 main types of stress:

Tensile / Tensioning
Compressive / Compression
Shear
 Tensioning

tendency to pull the material apart

Compression
tendency to crush the
material or to buckle
Shear is the effect of two forces acting
in opposite directions and along
parallel lines.

Shear
Mechanical Properties of Metals

Elasticity - The case with which a metal may

be bent or molded into a given
shape.

Brittleness - The opposite of plasticity, lack or

elasticity

Malleability - The property possessed by a

metal of becoming permanently
flattened or stretched.
Hardness - The property of a metal
to resist wear and abrasion.

Fatigue - A metal subjected to

continually varying loads may
eventually suffer from fatigue.

Ductility - Ability to be drawn out

lengthwise, the amount of the
extension measures the ductility.
 Brittle Fracture
Low temperatures at or near freezing
points,

Load on material relatively light,

Defects or faults in a weld

Internal stresses within material ie.

welding may initiate a fracture.
The ship at sea or lying in still water is
constantly being subjected to a wide
variety of stresses and strains, which
result from the action of forces from
outside and within the ship.

These forces may initially be classified into:

STATIC FORCES

DYNAMIC FORCES
 STATIC FORCES

These are due to

Internal forces resulting from structural weight,

cargo and machinery weight.
External static forces including the hydrostatic
pressure of the water on the hull.
 Static force

Vessel at rest
 DYNAMIC FORCES

They result from

The ships motion at sea.

The action of wind and waves.
The effects of operating machinery.
 Dynamic Forces
A ship is free to move
about six degrees of
freedom.
Three linear and
three rotational.
Various forces acting
on ship are
constantly varying in
degree and
frequency.
This movement of the
ship introduces
dynamic forces which
result in stresses on
the ships structure.
 Heave is the motion of the ship when the ship
have being up by a wave or sea.

Sway is the swing of a mast or bow of a ship

from side to side as the vessel progresses in a
heavy sea.

Surge is the movement forward as the bow of a

ship rises and dips when it encounter waves
which are strong enough to life it. The ship surge
up the side of a wave, often shipping water as it
passes through the crest, then dips down the
other side of the wave.
 Pitch is the motion of a ship in rising the
crest of a wave then descending into the
following trough.
Roll is the motion of a ship from side to
side as she moves through the water.
Yaw is where the bow of a ship falls away
or sways erratically from side to side as
the vessel moves through the water.
 Forces produce stresses in the ships

structure which may be divided into two

categories:

Global stress affects the whole ship

Local stress- affects a particular part of a

ship
 HOGGING
Hogging is when the
ship bends upwards
longitudinally. This
occurs when there is
more weight
concentrated at the
ends due to uneven
cargo distribution or
when the vessel rides a
wave crest in its
middle, causing
excessive buoyancy.
 SAGGING
Sagging is the reverse of
hogging when the ship
bends longitudinally in the
downwards direction. This
occurs when there is more
weight concentrated in the
mid length of the vessel
due to uneven cargo
distribution or when the
vessel rides a wave trough
in its middle causing
excessive buoyancy at the
ends.
 RACKING
When a ship is
rolling, the
accelerations on the
ships structure are
liable to cause
distortion in the
transverse section.
Greatest effect is
under light ship
condition.
 TORSION
A ship traversing a
wave train at angle
will be subject to
righting moments of
opposite directions
at its ends.
The hull is subject to
a twisting moment
and the structure is
in torsion.
 STRESSES DUE TO
WATER PRESSURE
Water pressure
acts
perpendicular to
the surface and
increases with
depth
 STRESSES DUE TO
DRY-DOCKING
Tends to set the keel
upwards.
Due to the up-thrust
of the keel blocks.
Tendency for the
ships sides to bulge
outwards.
Bilges tend to sag.
 PANTING
This is a stress,
which occurs at the
ends of a vessel
due to variations in
water pressure on
the shell plating as
the vessel pitches
in a seaway. The
effect is
accentuated at the
bow when making
headway
DMS-DO
 Stresses caused by localized loading

Localized heavy
loads may give rise
to localized
distortion of the
transverse section.
Such local loads
may be the
machinery (Main
engine) in the
engine room or the
loading of
concentrated ore in
the holds.
Pounding due to heavy pitching as the whole ship is lifted
in a seaway may be subject the forepart to severe impact
from the sea. It gives greatest effect when in light
condition. About 30% from forward strengthened.

Pounding
Effect: 0.25L of the bow/stern
Deck opening creates
areas of high local
stress due to lack of
continuity of Structure
Thank you and have
a great day
everyone!