VOLCANOES AND

EARTHQUAKES
 VOLCANO
mountain that opens
downward to a reservoir of
molten rock (magma) below
the surface of the Earth
 VOLCANO
vents
molten rock escapes to
Earths surface during
volcanic eruptions
more than 1500
 VOLCANO
found only on designated
narrow bands
which are suitable for the
completion
 STAGES OF
VOLCANOS LIFE
CYCLE
 invasion of magma
building pressure
eruption
 VOLCANO
95% (near the boundaries
of T.P.)
5% (associated with mantle
plumes and hot spots)
 MANTLE PLUMES
areas or columns where
heat or rocks in the mantle
are rising toward Earths
surface
 MANTLE PLUMES
underneath continental or
oceanic crust or along plate
boundaries
 HOTSPOTS
locations on Earths surface
experienced active volcanic
activities for a long period
of time
 HOTSPOTS
caused by the convection
of hot mantle at the mantle
plume
 rocks
melt
magma
high temperature and low
pressure
base of the T.P.
 40-50
Galapagos Islands
Hawaii
Iceland
 Runion
Yellowstone
FOUR PRINCIPAL
SETTINGS
 along divergent boundaries
such as Oceanic Ridges
 in areas of continental
extension that may become
divergent plate boundaries in
the future
 along converging plate
boundaries where subduction
occurs
 in areas called hotspots
that are usually located in
the interior of plates, away
from the plate margins
VOLCANISM
 processes and phenomena
associated with the surficial
discharge of molten rock
 CONVECTION
occurs when matter, such
as magma, circulates within
Earth
EARTHQUAKE
 natural phenomena that is
characterized by a sudden,
violent shifting of massive
plates underneath Earths
surface
 forms of wave energy that
are transmitted through
bedrock
 HYPOCENTER
point within the earth
along geological faults where
the earthquake originates
 EPICENTER
point on the Earths surface
directly above the focus
 SHALLOW-FOCUS
produced when the
hypocenter is located near
the surface
0 to 70 km
 SHALLOW-FOCUS
closer to the surface
rocks are stronger
build up strain
 DEEP-FOCUS
produced if it is
intermediate
70-700 km
 FAULT
crack across which the
rocks have been offset first
PARTS OF A
FAULT
 FAULT PLANE
area where the fault occurs
may be sloping or vertical
 FAULT TRACE
a line which may be visible
or not that occurs on Earths
surface
 HANGING WALL
block of crust above the
fault
 FOOT WALL
block of crust below the
fault
ACCDG TO ANGLE
OF DIP AND
RELATIVE
DISPLACEMENT
 NORMAL FAULT
fault in which the hanging
wall moves down relative to
the foot wall as a result of
extension
 REVERSE FAULT
thrust fault
fault in which the hanging
wall moves up relative to the
foot wall as a result of
compression
 STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
fault in which two blocks
of crust slide past each other
on the same plane
right or left
 SEISMIC WAVES
surface waves
body waves
 BODY WAVES
travel below the Earth

compressional (P-waves)
shear (S-waves)
 P-WAVES
travel fastest
4-8 km/s
Earths crust
first to arrive
 P-WAVES
sounds coming from the
ground
commonly heard but
seldom felt
 P-WAVES
shake the ground in the
direction they are
propagating
 S-WAVES
2.5-4 km/s
only travel through solid
materials
 S-WAVES
shake the ground
perpendicularly
causing more damage to
the surface above it
 SURFACE WAVES
can only travel along the
surface
arrive after the P-waves
and S-Waves
 SURFACE WAVES
Love
Rayleigh
 LOVE WAVES
move transverse to the
direction of the propagation
but with no vertical motion
 LOVE WAVES
cause rock to move
horizontally
side to side at right angles
to the direction of the
travelling wave
 LOVE WAVES
cause the most damage to
buildings and other
structures
 RAYLEIGH WAVES
ground roll
cause rock particles to
move upward, up, backward,
and down in a path that the
direction of the wave travel