SCHEDULE OF LECTURE

1. Neuro - Endocrine System Feb 23

2. Cardiovascular System March 1
3. Respiratory System March 3
4. Digestion and Absorption March 8
5. Excretory System March 10
6. Reproductive System March 15
7. Body Temperature Regulations March 17
8. EXAM March 22
The Nervous System

Dr. Renato S.A. Vega

Professor
Animal Breeding & Physiology Division
ADSC, CA, U.P. Los Baos
Introduction
The nervous system is a network of specialized
cell that communicate information about animals
surroundings and itself.
It is composed of neurons and other specialized cells
called glia, that aid in the function of the neurons.

The nervous system is divided broadly into two

categories; the peripheral nervous system and
the central nervous system.

The peripheral nervous system is composed of sensory

neurons and the neurons that connect them to the
nerve cord, spinal cord and brain, which make up the
central nervous system.
 Physiological Divisions

The Central Nervous System

(Brain and Spinal Cord)

Peripheral Nervous System

(Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves)

Sensory (Afferent) Division

(Somatic and Visceral Motor (Efferent) Division
Sensory Nerves) (Motor Nerve Fibers)

Sympathetic Division Autonomic

Somatic Nervous
Nervous System
System
*Visceral Motors
* Somatic Motor
(involuntary)
Parasympathetic Division (voluntary)
The Basic Unit of the Nervous Systems
Important Central Regulation (Brain)

Feed Intake Regulation

Ventromedial = satiety center (voracious eating)
Lateral = feeding center (loss of appetite)
Preoptic Area = Thermoregulatory Center
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei = Center for Sleep
and Wakefulness

Neuroendocrine = involvement of nerve cells

that releases of chemical messenger, especially
neurohormone, directly into the bloodstream
The Endocrine System
Dr. Renato S.A. Vega
Professor
Animal Breeding & Physiology Division
ADSC, College of Agriculture, U.PL.B
Introduction
Endocrine System, group of specialized organs and body
tissues that produce, store, and secrete chemical
substances known as hormone

Functions
1. regulating the body's growth and development,
2. controlling the function of various tissues,
3. supporting pregnancy and other reproductive functions, and
4. metabolism (catabolism and anabolism)

Endocrine organs are sometimes called ductless glands

because they have no ducts connecting them to specific
body parts
Definition of Terms
Endocrinology is s branch of physiology dealing with the
coordination of various body tissues by chemical mediators
(hormones) produced by restricted area of the body
(endocrine gland) and transported through circulatory system
to the target organ or tissue.

Hormone a substance or chemical mediator produced by the

endocrine glands and carried by the blood to some distant
part of the body where it exerts its effect.

Classifications of hormones:
1. Simple protein
2. Glycoprotein
3. Steroid
Components of the Endocrine Systems
The primary glands that make
up the human endocrine
system are the hypothalamus,
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal, pineal body, and
reproductive glandsthe
ovary and testis.

The pancreas, an organ

often associated with the
digestive system, is also
considered part of the
endocrine system
The Pituitary Gland
A. Anterior Lobe or the Adenohypophysis
1. Growth Hormone (GH)
2. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
4. Prolactic (PRL)
5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

B. Intermediate Lobe or Pars Intermedia

Melanin Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

C. Posterior Lobe or Neurohypophysis

1. Oxytocin 2. Vasopressin or ADH
Thyroid Gland
Located at the neck area below the Larynx, the two lobes
connected by a bridge of tissue called Isthmus.

Secretes hormone thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3)

Function:
1. Stimulates O2 consumption of most of the cells
2. Helps regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
3. Necessary for normal growth and maturation
4. Increase the basal metabolic rate of an individual

Disorders:
1. Thyrotoxicosis over activity of the gland (high T4 secretion)
2. Hypothyrodism lack of the T4 secretion, due to lack of Iodine
(TSH is stimulated resulting to enlargement of the gland)
The Pancreas
Located at the duodenal loop. It is both an exocrine and
endocrine gland. Acinar cells secrete pancreatic juices containing
digestive enzymes, the endocrine function is limited to the islet of
Langerhans.

Alpha cells = glucagon Somatostatin = GH inhibitor

Beta cells = insulin

Facilitate transport of blood glucose into the cells, thereby

increasing its utilization and to the adipose cells (stored fats).

Types of Diabetes
Type I insufficient insulin secretion
Type II tissues resistance to insulin action
Adrenal Gland

A. Adrenal Medulla

Epinephrine = Adrenalin
Norepinephrine = Noradrenalin

B. Adrenal Cortex

Aldosterone = reabsorb Na from Kidney tubules. The

secretion is stimulated by extra cellular fluid volume (ECF)
Glucocorticoid = stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
The Parathyroid Gland

Two distinct type of cells:

1. Chief cells = secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2. Oxyphil cells = less abundant cells with large amount of
mitochondria

Hyperparathyroidism = hypersecretion of PTH, resulting to

hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypercalciura and
hyperphosphaturia.

Calcitonin or Thyrocalcitonin = the hormone that lowers calcium

level in the blood.