4-Chapter

Allowable stresses
 contents
Introduction
2.6.1(p8) Compression element, Axial or
bending
Axial tension
Allowable shear stress qall
Axial compression
Bending stress
Allowable crippling stress in web q all
Combined stresses Back(home)
 Introduction
The actual stresses in any part of steel
bridge must not exceed the elastic limit of
the material otherwise permanent
deformation would occur. All structural
calculations are approximate even if all
loads are carefully considered. In trusses
neglect the secondary stresses due to the
rigidity of joints.
The forces in members are determined under the
assumption that the connections are hinge and the
forces along the members are axial. Only the primary
stresses can be calculated. In some cases the
secondary stresses may reach 30 60 % of the
primary stresses. The analyses neglect also the
torsion in the main girders due to the deflections of
the X-girders. The unequal distribution of stresses
over the cross section due to bolts holes hasnt taken
into consideration
The allowable stresses (maximum stresses used in the
calculation) must therefore be lower than the elastic limit.
The more accurate calculations of steel bridge and the
better shop work, the higher allowable stresses may be
taken. Also, in the calculation if all possible forces are
taken into account the allowable stresses can be taken
higher than in case that only D.L., L.L, and Impact are
considered.
The permissible stresses for standard grade
structural steel determined according to the grade of
steel. Structural sections shall be classified,
depending on dw/tw for web and c/tf for flanges
under compression, axial bending, to compact,
noncompact, and slender sections as shown Fig(4-1)

Figure-4.1
Fy and Fu (t/cm2) depend on the thickness
.t(1.4-p2)

Grade of t40mm 100mm t >400mm

steel Fy Fu Fy Fu

ST37 2.40 3.60 2.15 3.40

ST44 2.80 4.40 2.55 4.10

ST52 3.60 5.20 3.35 4.90

2.2.1(p6) Primary + additional stresses (wind load
or earthquake loads, lateral shock, etc.)
2.2.3(p7) Additional stresses
Additional stresses (allowable) = Primary
stress 1.20
2.3(p7) Secondary stresses in truss members
1. Chord member's depth > 1/10 of their length.
Diagonal member's depth > 1/15 of their length.
2. Truss with sub-panel.
Reduce 20 % of the allowable stress
back
2.6.1(p8) Compression element, Axial or
bending
Compact
dw C f Factor
Noncompact and
Selender tw tf Fy

Factor depends on:
1. Support of element ((One side (unstiffened
element) or two sides (stiffened element))
and shape of the cross section, I, C, , L, etc.
2. Load on element [(N) or (M) or (M+N)]
(p9,10,11-Table 2.1.a,b&c)
 2.6.2(p13) Axial tension
t 40 mm Fy
Ft 0.58 Fy From clause 1.4 , get Fy
40 mm t 100 mm Fy
Hence for,

Ft 1.40 t / cm 2 ST 37

t 40 mm Ft 1.60 t / cm 2 ST 44

F
t 2 .10 t / cm 2
ST 52
Ft 1.30 t / cm 2 ST 37

40 mm t 100 mm Ft 1.50 t / cm 2 ST 44

F
t 2. 00 t / cm 2
ST 52
back
 2.6.3(p13) Allowable shear stress
qall
t 40 mm Fy
q all 0.35 Fy
40 mm t 100 mm Fy
From clause1.4, get Fy

Hence for,
q all 0.84 t / cm 2 ST 37


t 40 mm q all 0.98 t / cm 2 ST 44
2
q 1. 26 t / cm ST 52
all
q all 0.75 t / cm 2 ST 37


40 mm t 100 mm q all 0.89 t / cm 2 ST 44
2
q 1 .17 t / cm ST 52
all
2.6.3.1(p13) Effective web area
Rolled section = Total height tw

Built up section = Web height tw

2.6.3.2(p14) Shear buckling of web

dw 105 d1

tw Fy d
Stiffened web d

5.34
1 Kq 4 2

d1

4
1 K q 5.34 2

Unstiffened web
= Kq = 5.34
dw Kq
If tw
45
Fy
, q 0.80

no web buckling occur qp = 0.35 Fy

dw Kq
45
If, tw Fy
Check web buckling
dw
tw Fy
q
57 Kq (no web buckling occur)
0.80 q
q b 0.35Fy
0.80 1.20
q q b 1.50 0.625 q 0.35Fy

1.20 q
q b
0.90
0.35Fy back
q
 2.6.4(p15) Axial compression
k l

r
(0.58Fy 0.75) 2 t 40 mm
Fc 0.58Fy get Fy from 1.4
10 4 t 40 mm

t 40 mm 40 < t < 100 mm

Grade
of steel
Fc (t/cm2) Fc (t/cm2)

ST37 Fc 1.40 0.0000652 Fc 1.30 0.0000552

ST44 Fc 1.60 0.0000852 Fc 1.50 0.0000752

2
ST52 2
F
Fc 2.1 0.000135 c 2 .0 0 .000125
- For compact and Non-compact
sections use full area(Table2.1-p9-11).
- For slender sections use effective
area(Tables 2.3&2.4-p23&24).
- For one angle reduce Fc by 40 %
(p15).

back
2.6.5(p16) Bending stress
1- For compact sections and the laterally
unsupported length (Lu )of the compression flange is
limited by:
(Lu is the smaller of)
- Box sections
M1 b f
84 L u 137 84
Lu
Fy
bf Or M 2 Fy

I-shape sections
20b f 1380 b f
Lu Or Lu Cb
Fy d Fy
Cb From Table2.2

- Then
Fb = 0.64 Fy (Mx ) Boxand I-shapes Clause 2.6.5.1

Fb = 0.72 Fy (My) I-shapes Clause 2.6.5.2

Fb = 0.64 Fy (My) Box shapes Clause 2.6.5.3

1- 1- For Non-compact sections:

Fb = 0.58 Fy (Mx & My) Box shapes Clause 2.6.5.4

2- 2- For slender (Box and I-shapes) and Non-compact (I-

shapes) sections:
-
 Tension Clause 2.6.5.5
Fbt = 0.58 Fy

- Compression Clause 2.6.5.5

1- Lu Lall

Fbc = 0.58 Fy

2- Lu > Lall

i ( Shallow thick flanged section Luxtf / bfxd >10 (P18))

For any value of

800
Fltb1 Cb 0.58Fy
Lu d / Af
(eq 2.23)
 C b Lu
84
Fy rt
Fltb 2 0.58F y (eq2.24)

Cb L u C
84 188 b
Fy rt Fy
( L u T Fy
/ r ) 2
Fltb 2
0.64 F 0.58F (eq 2.25)
1 . 176 10 5
Cb y y

Lu Cb
188
rt Fy

12000
Fltb2 2
Cb 0.58Fy

(L u / rT ) (eq2.26)
2 2
Fltb Fltb1 Fltb 2 0.58Fy (eq2.27)
- II - For Channels( p21) Fltb;
Fltb
800
Cb 0.58Fy (M x ) (eq2.29)
Lu d / Af

III - For slender sections use effective width (b e)

and the stress for non-compact(p21).
- Effective width be for slender sections(Table
2.3& 2.4 p23&24);
f2

f1
16
K (Table 2.3)
1 2
0.112 1
2 0.5
1

For any value of get K from tables 2.3, and 2.4 for
stiffened and unstiffened elements respectively.
 b / t Fy
Calculate
44 K
(plate slenderness)

Calculate
0.15 0.05 2 1.0

be = b
Summary Table for Lateral Torsional Buckling
(Lu > Lall)

800
Fltb1 Cb
Lu d / Af

Cb Lu
84 Fltb 2 0.58 Fy
Fy rt

C L C ( L / r ) 2
Fy
84 b u 188 b Fltb 2 0.64
u T F
Fy rt Fy 1 . 176 10 5
Cb y

Lu Cb 12000
188 Fltb 2 2
Cb
rt Fy (L u / rT )

For all 2 2
Fltb 0.58 Fy Fltb Fltb1 Fltb 2
back
2.6.6 (p22)Allowable crippling stress in web qall
t 40 mm
Fcrp 0.75 Fy t 40 mm
From clause 1.4, get Fy

In tension members we get smaller cross

sections by using high tensile stresses St. 52.
While in compression members we get smaller
section if l/i is less than 100 but if l/i is more than
100 we get same section for all kinds of steel.
2.6.7 Combined stresses
In a continuous beam we have a state of
combined shear and bending
back
 f f 2
F1, 2 q f pt f pc
2 2

This stress may be greater than the bending stress

in the outside fibers.
The modern theory of equivalent structure is given
by;

Fe f 2 3q 2 1.10 f pt
2.6.7.1- Axial Compression And Bending

f ca f bcx f bcy
1 2 1.0
Fc Fbcx Fbcy

f ca
When 0.15 1 2 1.0
Fc
C mx C my
1 , 2
f ca f ca
1 1
FEX FEY

7500 7500
FEX 2 , FEY 2

Cmx , Cmy from code

2.6.7.2- Axial Tension And Bending

f ta f btx f bty
1.0
Ft Fbtx Fbty