Electro-mechanical Energy-conversion

(EMEC) Machines

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 1

7 Next
 AC and DC
Generators and Motors
When the electrical system is characterized by direct
current, the machines are called dc motors and dc
generators.
Similarly, if the electrical system is characterized by
alternating current, the machines are called ac motors
and ac generators.
Basically, the ac machines are not different from the dc
machines.

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 2

7 Next
 Electrical Rotary Machine
It has two parts :

(1) the fixed part, called the stator, and

(2) the moving part, called the rotor.

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 3

7 Next
 Generator Action
Whenever the conductors of a coil cut across the
magnetic flux (or are cut by it), an emf e is induced in
it.
This emf can supply a current i to an electrical load.
Thus, an electrical power ei is generated.
This is the Generator Action.

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 4

7 Next
 Motor Action
Whenever current-carrying conductors of a coil are
placed (perpendicularly) in a magnetic flux, a force is
experienced by each conductor.
This gives rise to an electromagnetic torque e.
This torque can rotate a mechanical load at an angular
speed .
Thus, a mechanical power e is generated.
This is the motor action.

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 5

7 Next
 Both the generator action and motor action go hand in
hand in an electro-mechanical energy-conversion
machine.

Only the direction of power flow decides whether the

machine is a generator or a motor.

ei = ew

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 6

7 Next
Power Considerations for a Generator

Large-size generators are usually called

alternators.
Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 7
7 Next
 Current-carrying coil in the armature kept in magnetic field
experiences a torque, e.

This is the reaction torque and it opposes the applied torque m.

In addition, there is also a frictional torque f that opposes the applied

toque m.

m = e + f
mw = ew + f w

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 8

7 Next
 Output Side
If r is the resistance of the coil, the current i in
the circuit is given as

e
i= e = ir + iRL
r + RL

ei = i r + i RL 2 2
or ei = i r + iV
2

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 9

7 Next
 Power Flow Diagram

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 10

7 Next
 Power Considerations for a Motor

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 11

7 Next
 The conductors of the coil are cut through the magnetic
field.
An emf e is induced.
This is the reaction emf and it opposes the applied
voltage V.
The difference of V and emf e causes current i to flow in
the coil.

V -e
i= V = e + ir
r
Vi = ei + i 2 r

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 12

7 Next
 Output Side
The motor converts electrical power ei into mechanical
power e.
A portion f is lost in overcoming the friction.
The remaining part m is supplied to the mechanical
load.

ew = f w + mw

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 13

7 Next
 Power Flow Diagram

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 14

7 Next
 How a Generator Differs
from a Motor
1. EMF e and current i are in the same direction in
generator, but opposite in motor.
2. Torque e and rotation are opposite in a generator
but in same direction in a motor.
3. Torque e and f are in same direction in a generator
but opposite in a motor.

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 15

7 Next
 Importance
DC machines were the first electrical machines invented.
It is still the best motor to drive trains and cranes.
Because semiconductor rectifiers can easily convert ac into dc, dc
generators are not needed.
Even in the automobiles, the dc generator has been replaced by
the alternator plus diodes for rectification.
Portable devices powered by batteries require dc motors, such as
portable tape players, walkman, window-lifters, cell phones, etc.
The dc motor is readily controlled in speed and torque and hence
is useful for control systems.

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 16

7 Next
 DC Machine

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 17

7 Next
 Construction
The main parts of a DC machine are
Yoke
Poles, pole shoes.
Field Coils.
Armature.
Commutator.
Brushes.

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 18

7 Next
 YOKE
Gives mechanical support for poles
Protects whole machine as a protecting cover
Provides path for the circulation of magnetic flux
Small generators cast iron
Large machines cast steel

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 19

7 Next
 Pole cores & Pole shoes
Field magnets has two parts
Pole cores
Pole shoes
Pole shoes: spread out the flux in the air gap & reduce the reluctance
Support the exciting coils
Pole cores: solid piece made of cast iron & cast steel
Pole shoes are laminated to the pole face by screws.

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 20

7 Next
 Field Winding
Function : To carry current due to which pole core behaves as an
ELECTROMAGNET, producing necessary flux.
It helps in producing magnetic flux.
Field winding is divided into various coils called field coils. These are
connected in series with each other and wound in such a direction that an
alternated N and S poles are created.

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 21

7 Next
 Two Types of Winding
(1) Lap Winding : The sides of the successive coils
overlap each other.
(2) Wave Winding : One side of a coil under one
pole is connected to the other side of a coil
which occupies approximately the same
position under the next pole.

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 22

7 Next
 Armature winding
Lap Winding:
1
2

4
5

Wave Winding:

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 23

7 Next
(a) Lap winding. (b) Wave winding.

A=P (for lap winding)

A=2 (for wave winding)

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 24

7 Next
 EMF Equation for a DC Generator
Speed = N/60 rps. Therefore, time taken in one revolution is

60 / N

Total flux traversed by one conductor in one rotation,

= P
P NP
e = = =
t 60 / N 60

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 26

Next
As the armature has Z number of conductors, and there are A
number of parallel paths, the number of conductors per parallel
paths is Z/A. Therefore, the net emf E generated,

Z NP Z
E = e =
A 60 A
ZNP
=
60 A

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 27

7 Next
 Example 1
A 4-pole, 1200-rpm dc generator has a lap-wound
armature having 65 slots and 12 conductors per slot. If the
flux per pole is 0.02 Wb, determine the emf induced in the
armature.

Solution Z = 65 12 = 780; A=P=4

ZNP 0.02 780 1200 4 Click
E= =
60 A 60 4
= 312 V

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 28

7 Next
 Example 2
The induced emf in a dc machine while running
at 500 rpm is 180 V. Assuming constant
magnetic flux per pole, calculate the induced
emf when the machine runs at 600 rpm.

Solution : ZNP
E= = KN Click
60 A
E2 N 2 N2 600
= or E2 = E1 = 180 = 216 V
E1 N1 N1 500

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 29

7 Next
 Armature and field connections of a dc machine.
Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 30
7 Next
 Shunt-wound machine
(as generator or motor).

As generator, current ID flows.

As a motor, current IM flows.
Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 31
7 Next
 Types of DC Machines
1. Separately excited
Type of excitation :
2. Self-excited

Series Compound
wound Shunt wound
wound

Short Long
shunt shunt
Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 32
7 Next
 Separately Excited Generator

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 33

7 Next
 Example 3
A dc generator having an armature resistance of 0.30 develops
an emf of 200 V. Determine its terminal voltage if it supplies a
current of 30 A.

Solution : The terminal voltage is given as Click

V = E - I a Ra = 200 - 30 0.30
= 192 V

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 34

7 Next
 Example 4
A dc generator is connected to a load of 60 to which a current of 8
A is supplied. If the armature resistance is 1 , determine
(a) the terminal voltage, and
(b) The generated emf.

Solution :
Click
(a) The terminal voltage, V = I L RL = I a RL = 8 60 = 480 V

(b) The generated emf, E = V + I a Ra = 480 + 8 1 = 488 V

Click

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 35

Next
 Self-Excited (Series Wound) Generator

Click

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 36

7 Next
 Self-Excited (Shunt Wound) Generator

Click

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 37

7 Next
 Example 5
A shunt-wound dc generator delivers 496 A at 440 V to a load.
The resistance of the shunt filed coil is 110 and that of the
armature winding is 0.02 . Calculate the emf induced in the
armature.
V 440 Click
Solution : I sh = = =4 A
Rsh 110
Armature current, I a = I L + I sh = 496 + 4 = 500 A
Click
Eg = V + I a Ra = 440 + (500 0.02) = 450 V
Click

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 38

7 Next
 Example 6
A 4-pole shunt generator with lap connected armature has
armature and field resistances of 0.2 and 50 , respectively. It
supplies power to 100 lamps, each of 60 W, 200 V. Calculate the
total armature current, the current per path and the generated
emf. Allow a brush drop of 1 V at each brush.

Solution : The current taken by each lamp, Click

P 60
Il = = = 0.3A
V 200
Since all the lamps are connected in parallel, the total load current
is Click
I L = 100 I l = 100 0.3 = 30 A
Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 39
7 Next
 V 200 Click
I sh = = =4 A
Rsh 50
Armature current, I a = I sh + I L = 30 + 4 = 34 A
For lap winding, A = P = 4. Thus, the current per path is
I a 34 Click
Ic = = = 8.5 A
A 4
Eg = V + I a Ra + brush-drop = 200 + 34 0.2 + 2 1 = 208.8 V
Click

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 40

7 Next
 Short-Shunt (Compound Wound) Generator
Click

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 41

7 Next
 Long-shunt (Compound Wound) Generator
Click

Wednesday, September 6, 201 Ch. 16 DC Machines 42

7 Next
MSW1
MSW2
MQ1
MQ1(SUMMER)
MSW3