STYLE MANUAL

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES
STYLE MANUAL
Is a technical term that describes the techniques of
formatting the references quoted for research.
A standard format excepted world wide
Technique involves
Source
Area of concern
Author
Documentation

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 2

SIGNIFICANCE OF CITATION

To give due consideration and credit to the source of

References.
Citations give weightage to the area of research.
To stop moral and ethical hacking of thoughts and
ideas not ones own.
Citations justify the research field and methodology.
To prevent and stop plagiarism

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL

9/7/17 3
COMMUNICATION
METHODS
There are four different methods or styles of
documentation of sources followed word wide
MLA (Modern Language Association)
APA (American Psychological organization)
Chicago
Harvard
CSE (Council of Science Editors)
The MLA and APA styles are globally accepted.
MLA 7th edition is currently in use

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 4

CATEGORIZATION OF STYLE MANUALS
Categorization of style manual in a research are termed as
References/ End notes
Foot notes
Bibliography
Parenthetical citations (for identifying the above categories
in the text)

NOTE: The reference, end notes and bibliography are cited

after the text. Foot note appears at the bottom of each page
and the parenthetical citation are put in parenthesis in the
text that is quoted.

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 5

 Foot note
A footnote is a note of reference or comment written at the bottom of the
page.
It serves the following purposes:
Indicates the source of a fact, opinion or quotation
Explains unfamiliar or difficult terms
Elucidates, elaborates or validates an idea or point
Provides additional data, makes acknowledgements
Method
Name of the author [in normal order], book title, edition, location of
publisher, publishing co. year of publication, page no.
H.C.Perkin, Air Pollution: Its origin and control, New York: McGraw
Hill,1974,pg.42-69
S.P.Kumar,Effects of air pollution", The Hindu, Jan 29,2002

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 6

END NOTE

The other name of end note is reference.

End note is seldom used current as practice. For

citation reference is the advance term currently in
use.

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 7

PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS

These are citations referred within parenthesis after the

end of the quotation or reference cited.
Parenthetical citations are kept after the full stop, bearing
surname. Page number
It marks the chronological description of references in any
research paper, dissertation and thesis.
If the author is unknown in such a case name of the work
is quoted followed by period, then page number.

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 8

REFERENCE
Indicates the exact location of sources of information
used in the text of any paper/ article/ journal/
dissertation/thesis.

Follows a chronological order as per the reference cited in

the mentioned categories of documentation.

In article, journal and research papers its only references

and no bibliography whereas dissertation and thesis
contains both references and bibliography.

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 9

BIBLIOGRAPHY
List of all the books cited in any research
Documented at the end of the research and
dissertation
Follows an alphabetical order than a chronological
order
Includes primary and secondary sources
There are two types of bibliographic source of entry
Primary source
Secondary source

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 10

EXAMPLES
BOOKS
one author
Hillman, Richard. Shakespeare, Marlowe, and the Politics of France. New York:
Palgrave, 2002. Print.
two authors
Hand, Richard J. and Michael Wilson. Grand-Guignol: the French Theatre of
Horror. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2002. Print.
three authors
Cargill, Oscar, William Charvat, and Donald D. Walsh. The Publication of
Academic Writing. New York: Modern Language Association, 1966. Print.
more than three authors
Howe, Louise, et al. How to Stay Younger while Growing Older: Aging for all
Ages. London: Macmillan, 1982. Print.

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 11

 no author given
The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2003.
Print.
an editor or compiler as author
Updike, John, comp. and ed. The Best American Short Stories of the Century.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999. Print.
an edition of an authors work
Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night's Dream. Ed. R.A. Foakes.
Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. Print.
a work in several volumes
Gardner, Stanley E. The Artifice of Design. New York: Hill & Wang, 1962. Print.
Vol. 2 of A History of American Architecture. 5 vols. 1960-64.

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 12

 ARTICLES
periodical
Issues paginated continuously throughout the volume
Loesberg, Jonathan. Dickensian Deformed Children and the Hegelian Sublime.
Victorian Studies 40 (1997): 625-54. Print.
Each issue starts with page 1
Wilkin, Karen. A Degas Double-header. New Criterion 17.1 (Sept. 1998): 35-
41. Print.
newspaper
Jonas, Jack. A Visit to a Land of Many Facets. Washington Star 5 Mar. 1961,
Eastern ed., sec. F: 4. Print.
magazine
Funicello, Dori. Portugals Reign of Terror. National Review 19 Aug. 1999: 34-
37. Print.

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 13

 paper published as part of the proceedings of a conference
Aytr, Necla. Faulkner in Turkish. William Faulkner: Prevailing Verities and World
Literature. Proceedings of the 6th Comparative Literature Symposium, January 24-26,
1973. Ed. Wolodymyr T. Zyla and Wendell M. Aycock. Lubbock, TX: Interdepartmental
Committee on Comparative Literature, Texas Tech U, 1973. 25-39. Print.

DISSERTATION
published
Carlson, William Robert. Dialectic and Rhetoric in Pierre Bayle. Diss. Yale U, 1973. New York:
Macmillan, 1977. Print.

unpublished
Carlson, William Robert. Dialectic and Rhetoric in Pierre Bayle. Diss. Yale U, 1973. Print .

a dissertation abstract
Lydic, David Lynn. Relational Mapping as a Measure of Writing Ability in College
Freshmen. Diss. U of Texas at Austin, 1988. DAI 49 (1988): item 1395A. Print.

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 14

 CSE: COUNCIL OF SCIENCE EDITORS DOCUMENTATION
STYLE
The Council of Science Editors (CSE) is an international membership organization for editorial
professionals publishing in the sciences.
Their purpose is to serve over 800 members in the scientific, scientific publishing, ad information science
communities by fostering networking, education, discussion, and exchange.
Their aim is to be an authoritative resource on current and emerging issues in the communication of
scientific information.
The Council of Science Editors (CSE) offers three systems of documentation.
In all three systems, a reference list at the end of the paper provides all the information your reader
needs to track down your sources.
In-text references in your sentences show your reader which sources support the claims and
information of that sentence.

In this CSE citation system, references in your text give the last name of the author or authors and the
year of publication within parentheses. These parenthetical refer to sources listed at the end of the
document.

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 15

 In-text references
CSE's name-year in-text reference takes the form of the author's last name and the year of
publication, in parentheses.
Cite a source written by one author
The rapid discovery of the unique mechanisms underlying crown gall disease demonstrated how
quickly an area could advince given significant investment and competition (Zambryski 1988).
Cite a source written by two authors
Initial infection of tubers by H. solani occurs in the field either from the seed tuber (Jellis and
Taylor 1977) or soil (Merida and Loria 1994).
Cite a source written by three or more authors
For example, terrestrial carbon can play a central role in supporting lake food webs (Pace et al.
2004), while the problem of aquatic ecosystem eutrophication is driven by urban and agricultural
land use that contributes nutrients to downstream aquatic systems (Carpenter et al. 1998).
Where to cite

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 16

 WHERE TO CITE
Where to cite
Cite sources as close as practicable to the information they support. This might mean
citing a source at the end of a sentence or in the middle of a sentence. This might lead
to long sentences, with citations immediately following the topics with which those
sources are associated:
Example:
Although "target" ranges of MUN have been proposed (Hof et al. 1997; Kohn et al. 2002), its use as a
management tool on farms remains uncertain because of permanent or temporary effects specific to herds (e.g.,
rolling herd average for milk production; Rajala-Schultz and Saville 2003), cows within a herd (e.g., breed,
parity, stage of lactation; Godden et al. 2001), DHI test-day level of milk production (Johnson and Young 2003),
method of sampling (morning vs. evening; Godden et al. 2001), method of analysis (Peterson et al. 2004; Kohn
et al. 2004), and time-dependent factors such as month (Arunvipas et al. 2003) or season (Godden et al. 2001).
If you name your author in the sentence near the citation, you do not need to repeat
that name in the citation itself:
Example:
In this study we develop a conceptual model for understanding the linkages between aquatic habitats and the
surrounding terrestrial landscape, building on ideas presented by Polis and Hurd (1996) and Gasith and Hasler
(1976) who examined spatial linkages between islands and the surrounding sea and terrestrial organic inputs
into lakes, respectively.

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 17

 CITE A SOURCE WRITTEN BY AN ORGANIZATION
When citing an organization, corporation, or university as an author, use an abbreviation or acronym
to avoid interrupting your text with a long citation.
Holstein dairy cows in the Dairy Herd Improvement program born in 2009 compared to 1990 had a 28-percent-greater milk
yield (26,861 pounds vs. 20,959 pounds) (AIPL 2011).
Here is what the reference list entry for this source would look like:
AIPL (Animal Improvement Program Laboratory), USDA. 2011. Trend in milk BV for Holstein [Internet]. [Cited 20 June
2013.] Available from http://aipl.arsusda.gov/eval/summary/trend.cfm?R_Menu=HO#StartBody.
Cite a work cited by your source (secondary citation)
Secondary citations refer to material that you have not seen in its original form but rather have
obtained from another document that cited the original source. In the 2006 edition of the CSE Manual,
secondary citations are not listed as a valid form of citation. Instead, find and cite the original source.
Quote or excerpt a source
Although CSE provides rules for how to quote or excerpt sources, in practice almost no scientists
publishing in journals that use CSE documentation choose to quote sources. Instead, these authors
paraphrase or simply cite authors.
When you quote or excerpt a source, include an in-text reference to help your reader see what source
you are quoting from. The seventh edition of theCSE Manualdoes not provide specific rules for
identifying the page number or other location information for that source.
The below examples demonstrate how journals adapt CSE's guidelines to include page numbers after
the year of publication:
Farmers participating in these knowledge networks, Hassanein writes, "challenged the power relations in agricultural
knowledge production and distribution by relying on their own and members' experiential knowledge" (Hassanein 1997, 304).
Similarly, Hayward, Simpson, and Wood (2004:95) describe "a mythologizing of the power of participatory methodologies to
accomplish problem solving, emancipation or empowerment."
Cite multiple sources in a sentence

CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 9/7/17 18