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Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2003

Medical Image Analysis


Tensor-based Surface Modeling and Analysis
Moo K. Chung123, Keith J. Worsley4, Steve Robbins4, Alan C. Evans4
Department of Statistics, 2Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, 3W.M. Keck Laboratory for functional Brain Imaging and Behavior
1

University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA


4Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

1. Motivation 5. Random fields theory


We present a unified tensor-based surface morphometry in characterizing the gray Statistical analysis is based on the random field theory (Worsley et al., 1996). The
matter anatomy change in the brain development longitudinally collected in the group of Gaussianess of the surface metrics is checked with the Lilliefors test. The isotropic diffusion
children and adolescents. As the brain develops over time, the cortical surface area, smoothing is found to increase both the smoothness as well as the isotropicity of the
thickness, curvature and total gray matter volume change. It is highly likely that such surface data. For a paired t-test for detecting the surface metric difference, we used the
age-related surface changes are not uniform. By measuring how such surface metrics corrected P-value of t random field defined on the manifold which is approximately
change over time, the regions of the most rapid structural changes can be localized.

2. Magnetic Resonance Images where is the 2-dimensional EC-density given by


Two T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) were acquired for each of 28
normal subjects at different times on the GE Sigma 1.5-T superconducting magnet
system. The first scan was obtained at the age 11.5 years and the second scan was
obtained at the age 16.1 years in average. MRI were spatially normalized and tissue and is the total surface area of the template
types were classified based a supervised artificial neural network classifier (Kollakian, brain estimated to be 275,800mm2. The validity of our
1996). Afterwards, a triangular mesh for each cortical surface was generated by modeling and analysis was checked by generating
deforming a mesh to fit the proper boundary in a segmented volume using a deformable null data. The null data were created by reversing
surface algorithm (MacDonald et al., 2000). This algorithm is further used in surface time for the half of subjects chosen randomly. In the
registration and surface template construction (Chung et al., 2003). null data, most t values were well below the threshold
indicating that our image processing and statistical
Top: Thin-plate spline energy functional computed on the inner cortical surface of a 14-year-old
subject. It measures the amount of folding of the cortical surface. Bottom: t-statistic map showing
analysis do not produce false positives.
statistically significant region of curvature increase between ages 12 and 16. Most of the curvature
increase occurs on gyri while there is no significant change of curvature on most of sulci. Also there
is no statistically significant curvature decrease detected, indicating that the complexity of the surface
6. Morphometric changes between ages 12-16
convolution increase.
Gray matter volume: total gray
4. Surface data smoothing: Beltrami flow matter volume shrinks. Local
To increase the signal-to-noise ratio and to generate smooth Gaussian random fields growth in the parts of temporal,
for statistical analysis, surface-based data smoothing is essential. Isotropic diffusion occipital, somatosensory, and
smoothing or Beltrami-flow is developed for this purpose. It is not the surface fairing of motor regions.
Taubin (1995), where the surface geometry is smoothed. We solve an isotropic heat Cortical Surface area: total area
equation on a manifold with an initial condition. shrinks. highly localized area
growth along the left inferior frontal
gyrus and shrinkage in the left
Left: The Gyri are extracted by thresholding the thin-plate energy functional on the inner surface. superior frontal sulcus.
where the Laplacian is the Laplace-Beltrami operator defined in terms of the
Middle & Right: Individual gyral patterns mapped onto the template surface. The gyri of a subject Cortical thickness: no statistically
match the gyri of the template surface illustrating a close homology between the surface of the Riemannian metric tensor g:
individual subject and the template.
significant local cortical thinning on
the whole cortex. Predominant
We estimate the Laplace-Beltrami operator on a triangulated cortical surface directly thickness increase in the left
via finite element method (Chung, 2001). Let F(pi) be the signal on the i-th node pi in superior frontal sulcus.
Cortical curvature: no statistically
the triangulation. If p1,...,pm are m-neighboring nodes around p=p0, the Laplace-
significant curvature decrease.
Beltrami operator at p is estimated by Most curvature increase occurs on
gyri. No curvature change on most
sulci. Curvature increase in the
with the weights where and are the two angles opposite superior frontal and middle frontal
to the edge pi - p in triangles and is the sum of the areas of m-incident triangles at gyri.
p. Then the diffusion equation is solved via the finite difference scheme:

References
Left: Individual cortical surfaces (blue: interface between the gray and white Chung, M.K., Statistical Morphometry in Neuroanatomy, PhD Thesis, McGill University, Canada
matter, yellow: outer cortical surface). Right: The surface template is Chung, M.K. et al., Deformation-based Surface Morphometry applied to Gray Matter Deformation,
constructed by averaging the coordinates of homologous vertices. NeuroImage. 18:198213, 2003.
Kollakian, K., Performance analysis of automatic techniques for tissue classification in magnetic
resonance images of the human brain. Masters thesis, Concordia Univ., Canada. 1996.
3. Tensor geometry MacDonald, J.D. et al., Automated 3D Extraction of Inner and Outer Surfaces of Cerebral Cortex from
MRI, NeuroImage. 12:340-356, 2000.
Based on the local quadratic surface parameterization, Riemannian metric tensors were Taubin, G., Curve and surface smoothing without shrinkage. The Proceedings of the Fifth International
computed and used to characterize the cortical shape variations. Then based on the Conference on Computer Vision, 852-857, 1995.
metric tensors, the cortical thickness, local surface area, local gray matter volume, Worsley, K.J., et al., A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral
curvatures were computed. activation, Human Brain Mapping. 4:58-73, 1996.

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