Staphylococcus

Staphylococceae family
Low G + C
Cocci (spheres)
Grapelike clusters
FA
Nonmotile
Halotolerant
Catalase (+)
Oxidase (-)
 Staphylococcus species
61 species
Important
S. aureus
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
S. pseudointermedius
Others
S. haemolyticus
S. capitus
S. hominis
S. xylosis
S. warneri
Cell Wall
Location
Ubiquitous
Normal flora
Skin
Mouth
Nose
Throat
Predisposing factors
Immunosuppression
Concurrent disease
AB resistance
Epidemiology
Normal microbiotica
Direct transmission
Portal of Entry
Hair follicle
Break in skin
Respiratory
Complications
Bacteremia
Septecemia
Abscess
Cytological Sample
 Pathogenesis
Immune evasion
Slime layer biofilm
(microcapsule)
Evades phagocytosis
Protein A on cell wall
Binds to IgG @ Fc
Blocks opsonization
Adhesin proteins
Binds to
fibrin/fibrinogen
Binds to ECM
laminin
fibronectin
collagen
Enzymes

Coagulase
Catalase
Hyaluronidase
Lipase
Beta lactamase
Staphylokinase
(plasminogen activator)
Proteases
DNase
FAME (fatty acid
modifying enzyme)
Staphylococcus Toxins
Cytolytic Toxins
Alpha = hemolysis
Beta = sphingomyelinase
Delta
Gamma
Leukocidin = hemolysis
Leukotoxin = WBC destruction
Exfoliative toxin
ETA and ETB
Protease & esterase activity
Toxic Shock toxins
Enterotoxins (A-E)
Superantigens
Enterotoxin
Food poisoning, V/D
TSS if B or C antigenic type
TSST-1: desquamation; TSS
Virulence Factors Summary
 Staph aureus
Location
Mucous membranes
Moist areas
Diseases
Noninvasive
Food poisoning
Enterotoxin (V/D)
Cutaneous
Scalded skin
Impetigo
Folliculitis
Boils, styes, furunculosis
Systemic
Soft tissue infections
Systemic Staph. aureus infections
TSS
Bacteremia
Endocarditis
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Osteomyelitis
Septic arthritis
UTI
Phlebitis
Staphylococcal disease summary
S. aureus
Dx
Isolation
DDx MRSA/VRSA
Tx
AB based on culture
Prevention
Wound cleansing
Hand washing
MRSA
Hosptial associated
Community assoc.
Opportunistic Staph pathogens

S. capitis
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
S. xylosis
S. epidermidis
Location
Normal skin flora
opportunistic pathogen
Skin/wound infections
Endocarditis
UTI
Exposure
Direct contact
Newborns
Elderly
Fomites
Catheters
Shunts
IV needles
Prosthetics
S. saprophyticus
Pathogenesis
Fimbria
Adhesion proteins
Autolysins
Diseases
UTI/cystitis
Peritonitis
Enopthalmitis
Endocaritis
Septic arthritis
S. xylosus
Commensal
Industry
Ferment meat
Red color of sausage
Ferment milk
Orange color of cheese
Pathogenicity
Biofilms
Enterotoxins
Disease
Nosocomial
UTI
Food poisoning (raw)
S. capitis

Epidemiology
Skin microbiotica
Head predominantly
Pathogenicity
Coagulase (-)
AB resistance
Diseases
Valvular endocarditis
Neonatal septicemia
Osteomyelitis
S. pseudointermedius

Animal microbiotica
Epidemiology
Zoonotic
Enterotoxins
+/- coagulase
Diseases
Pyoderma (animals)
Food poisoning
Rapid Staph test
Immunology

Hyperimmune serum
Capsular proteins
Surface adhesins
Vaccination
At risk population
ESRD
Dialysis patients
Premature infants
StaphVAX
Capsular proteins
Exotoxin A (Ps. Aeurginosa)