BOD Thiothrix ssp.

Sliding-Gliding Bacteria
Sulfur inclusions-Sulfur
Oxidizing
Live in VERY acidic
environments (pH 1-3)
Used in industrial tailings
to remove minerals and
remediation
How cells Acquire Drug Resistance
Mutations in existing genes

Acquiring new genes

R-factors
Transposons
Natural Competence Chromosomal (Gram +)
Conjugation
Transposition
 Mechanisms of resistance
Enzymatic- Neutralization of drug
Penicillinase-exoenzyme
Streptomycinase-endoenzyme
Blocking Transport
Changing (Mutation) Cellular target
Pathway modification
Novel Protein Pumps
 The Big Problem of Antibiotics
Overuse
ie. Ear Infections
Misuse
Viral Infections
Abuse
Agricultural Practices
 The scope of the problem
% resistance to antibiotics by fecal
coliforms:
Chloramphericol 45%
Penicillin (of some type) 65%
Sulfa Drugs 70%
Tetracycline 85%
 What Species of organism has
resistance?
Staphylococcus aureus (late 1940s)
Shigella (early 1960s)
Salmonella & Pseudomonas (mid 1960s)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (late 1960s)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (late 1970s)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (early 1980s)
 New Drugs
3-D Computer
software packages
 Normal Bacterial Flora
Skin
Staph. epidermidis
Streptococci
Other Coagulase staphylocci
Propionebacter
Mycobacteria (not tubercolisis or leprae)
Eye
Not heavily colonized
Staph. epidermidis
Streptococci
Other Coagulase staphylocci
Coryneobacter (not C. diptheria
Neisseria (not N. gonorrehia or N. meningitis)
 Normal Flora
Nose and Upper Airway
Staph. epidermidis
Some Staph. aureus (carrier state)
Neisseria (non pathogens)
Corynebacter
Alpha Staph
Nasal sinus
Normally sterile
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchioles, Alveoli
Normally sterile
 Mouth (adults)
Micrococci
Coagulase Staph
Alpha Streptocci
Neisseria (non pathogen)
Haemophilis
Yeasts
Mycoplasma (Non pathogens)
Anaerobic organisms (Actinomyces,
Fusobacterium, Bacteroides
Small # pathogens Staph aureus, Strep
pyrogenes, Strep pneumonia, N. meningitis,
Mycoplasma pneumonia
 Throat-Adults
Micrococci
Coagulase Staph
Alpha Streptocci
Neisseria
Haemophilis
Yeasts
Anaerobic organisms (Actinomyces,
Fusobacterium, Bacteroides
occasionalpathogens Staph aureus, Strep
pyrogenes, Strep pneumonia, N. meningitis,
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Group B,C,G, F Streptococci
 Gastrointestinal Tract
Bacteroides (dominate gut flora)
Anaerobic Gram ie: Fusobacterium
Anaerobic Gram positives: ie Clostridium,
Bifidobacteria
Enterobacteria (ie. E. coli)
Mycobacterium (non pathogen)
Group B,C,G, F Streptococci
Enterococcus
Lactobacilli
Yeasts
Staph aureus, epidermidis, coagulase - Staph
 Genitourinary Tract (external)
Staph. epidermidis
Streptococci
Other Coagulase staphylocci
Propionebacter
Mycobacteria (not tubercolisis or leprae)
Enterobacteriacea sp.
Corynebacter species
Mycoplasma
Yeasts
 Anterior Urethra
Some Staph aureus
CNS (Coagulase staph)
Enterococci
Neisseria (non pathogen)
Corenyobacteria (non pathogen)
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Some Enterobacteriaceae
Mycoplasma
Yeasts
 Vagina
Lactobacilli dominate
Staph. epidermidis
Streptococci
Some Staph aureus
Peptostrococcus
Group B Streptocccus
Candida albicans (and other yeasts)
Some Enterobacteriaceae
 Prostate
Normally sterile
Kidney
Sterile
 Survey of Microbial Phylogeny
17 Phyla of cultured bacteria-well look at
6
Several more non-cultured Phyla.
Well look at a few representative
members of some of the major groups
The Tree of Bacteria
Proteobacteria
Metabolically diverse
All Gram
Contain
phototrophs/chemolito
trophs and
Chemoorganotrophs
Includes many
bacteria of medical
and agricultural
importance
Major groups of Proteobacteria
Purple Sulfur Bacteria
photosynthetic use
hydrogen sulfide as
initial e- donor; aquatic
Purple Non-Sulfur
Bacteria
Photosynthetic usually
use organic or H2 e-
donor; aquatic
 Proteobacteria, cont.
Nitrifying Bacteria-
Chemolithotrophs, reduce
inorganic nitrogen-2
groups
Ammonia oxidizing
bacteria-ammonia to
nitrite (Nitroso)
Nitrite oxidizing bacteria
nitrite to nitrate (Nitro)
Proteobacteria, cont.
Sulfur Utlizing-
Chemolitotrophs
Hydrogen sulfide,
elemental sulfur, or
sulfate provide original
electron source.
H2S + 2 O2SO42- +2 H+

H2 also used by some

organisms
 Proteobacteria Proteobacteria
Methanotrophs
Strictly aerobic
C1 metabolism-
Oxidize methane (or
other 1 Carbon
compound) provide e-
for energy generation
Proteobacteria Pseudomonads
Curved rods
No gas from Glucose,
+oxidase test
Biochemically very
diverse group
Opportunist Pathogens-
burns, Urinary tract
infections- Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Proteobacteria Enterics
Facultative anaerobes,
simple nutritional
requirements-intestinal
tracts
Medically important group
Mixed acid fermentation
(Escherichia) vs.
butanediol fermentation
(Serratia)
Proteobacteria -Myxobacterium
Complex lifecycle
Form dormant cells
on fruiting bodies, not
true spores
Quorum sensing
 Some other Important
Proteobacteria Groups
Acetic Acid bacteria-commercial uses
Aerobic Nitrogen fixing bacteria-Azotobacter
Neisseria-cocci pathogens
Vibrio-curved rods-pathogens
Rickettsia-Cellular Pathogens
Budding/Stalked Bacteria Caulobacter
Sulfate and Sulfur reducing bacterium- final e-
acceptors
BOD-Corynebacterium diptheriae
Gram + non-motile
Irregular club shaped
cells
Diphtheria
Respiratory infection
Recent outbreaks SE
Asia, Eastern Europe
Gram Positives
Broken into Low vs.
High and GC groups
Spore forming vs.
Nonspore forming
Contain
peptidoglycan free
members
Several pathogens
Filamentous
members
Gram + Lactic Acid Bacteria
Aerotoletant
anaerobes
Lactic acid primary
fermentation product
Streptococcus
pathogen
Lactobacillus yogurt/
sauerkraut, pickles
Gram + Filamentous
Streptomyces
High GC
Soil organisms
Antibiotic production
Gram + Endospore formers
Aerobic Rods -
Bacillus
Anaerobic Rods-
Clostridium
Aerobic cocci-
Sporosarcina
Mostly soil
Rods
Gram + Without Peptidoglycan
Mycoplasma-
pleomorphic
Require steroids
Low GC
Gram+ Non Sporulation Low GC
Staphylococcus-can
cause serious
infections; Catalyase
+; high salt
Streptococcus-
Catalysase -;
Hemolysis
Phylum 3 Cyanobacterium
Photosynthetic,
however some can
grow on glucose
(dark)
Aquatic, marine
Some Nitrogen
Fixers-heterocyst
Single cells or in long
chains
Gas vesicles
Phylum Chlamydia
Obligate Intercellular
parasite
Energy parasites use
cells ATP
Low GC 40%
Gram
Life Cycle-
Elemental body
Reticulate body
Phylum Spirochetes
Gram -, motile coiled
Very low GC (25%
some)
Aerobic and
anaerobic members
Treponema (syphilis)
Borrelia
Phylum Denocci
Gram + Cocci
Contain carotenoids
Thermus aquaticus
Extremely resistant to
radioactivity,
Denococcus
Other Phyla
Best termed a
sampling
Green Sulfur, Green
NonSulfur,
Flavobacteria,
Cytophaga bacteria
are a few of the
diverse groups
Aquifex/Thermotoga
 Archaea
Crenarchaeota-Halophiles, Methanogens,
Psychrophiles
Obligate anaerobes
Chemoorganotrophs and
Chemolithotrophs

Euarchaeota-Theromophilic organisms,
Black smokers (Vent organisms)
 Archaea
Euryarchaeota-
Halophiles
Bacteriorhodopsin red
Light-mediated ATP
synthesis
Methanogens
Strict Anaerobes
CO2, methanol,
acetate, pyruvate
examples carbon
sources
Generate methane
Swamp gas
Fire breathing cows?